T lymphocyte
... IV. Functions of T cells 1. CD4+ helper T cells (Th) Th0: T cells activated by Ag can secret many CKs in short time Th1: produce IL-2 and IFN-, but not IL-4. They are chiefly responsible for cellmediated immune responses, but can also help B cells to produce IgG2a, but not much IgG1 or IgE; Th2: s ...
... IV. Functions of T cells 1. CD4+ helper T cells (Th) Th0: T cells activated by Ag can secret many CKs in short time Th1: produce IL-2 and IFN-, but not IL-4. They are chiefly responsible for cellmediated immune responses, but can also help B cells to produce IgG2a, but not much IgG1 or IgE; Th2: s ...
Histology of the mucosal lymphatic tissues The lymphoid system is
... basal cell membrane, where it is released into the extracellular space. This process is known as transcytosis. At their basal surface, the cell membrane of M cells is extensively folded around underlying lymphocytes and antigenpresenting cells, which take up the transported material, released from t ...
... basal cell membrane, where it is released into the extracellular space. This process is known as transcytosis. At their basal surface, the cell membrane of M cells is extensively folded around underlying lymphocytes and antigenpresenting cells, which take up the transported material, released from t ...
Ageing, defence mechanisms and the immune system
... views ageing as an immunodeficiency state that predisposes the host to infectious diseases (and possibly neoplasms). ...
... views ageing as an immunodeficiency state that predisposes the host to infectious diseases (and possibly neoplasms). ...
Corthay cytokine talk1_final
... Immunodeficient mice are highly susceptible to tumour development induced by the chemical carcinogen methylcholanthrene (MCA). ...
... Immunodeficient mice are highly susceptible to tumour development induced by the chemical carcinogen methylcholanthrene (MCA). ...
11.1 HL Immune System Part 1
... • Is this active or passive immunity? – Weakened or dead fragments of a microbe are injected into the body….the body produces antibodies to neutralize microbe ...
... • Is this active or passive immunity? – Weakened or dead fragments of a microbe are injected into the body….the body produces antibodies to neutralize microbe ...
1. T cells
... Birbeck granules in the cellular cytoplasm (Figs. 3.7 and 3.8). Langerhans cells are antigen-presenting cells that are specific to the skin. Langerhans cells adhere to the epidermal keratinocytes by E-cadherins, functioning as sentinels against foreign antigens. When presenting an antigen to T cells ...
... Birbeck granules in the cellular cytoplasm (Figs. 3.7 and 3.8). Langerhans cells are antigen-presenting cells that are specific to the skin. Langerhans cells adhere to the epidermal keratinocytes by E-cadherins, functioning as sentinels against foreign antigens. When presenting an antigen to T cells ...
T cells - At the Forefront of Immuno
... • Display B-cell receptors, which can bind free floating antigens in the blood or lymph • Once activated, B cells differentiate to become plasma cells which can secrete large quantities of antibodies against a ...
... • Display B-cell receptors, which can bind free floating antigens in the blood or lymph • Once activated, B cells differentiate to become plasma cells which can secrete large quantities of antibodies against a ...
T cells
... • Display B-cell receptors, which can bind free floating antigens in the blood or lymph • Once activated, B cells differentiate to become plasma cells which can secrete large quantities of antibodies against a ...
... • Display B-cell receptors, which can bind free floating antigens in the blood or lymph • Once activated, B cells differentiate to become plasma cells which can secrete large quantities of antibodies against a ...
07. Immunology
... MHC To minimise rejection, the MHC of donor and recipient are matched as closely as possible i.e. tissue typing Siblings usually provide the closest match MHC do not play a role in transfusion reactions because red blood cells do not have MHC. ...
... MHC To minimise rejection, the MHC of donor and recipient are matched as closely as possible i.e. tissue typing Siblings usually provide the closest match MHC do not play a role in transfusion reactions because red blood cells do not have MHC. ...
The Human Immune System: Basics and then some…
... and we eventually build a tolerance dormant or dead pathogen, which to certainare diseases… allows body to do its primary immune response without the risk of It’s because after every encounter with a pathogen, bothsickness. the T cells and the B cells actual differentiate into an inactive form of th ...
... and we eventually build a tolerance dormant or dead pathogen, which to certainare diseases… allows body to do its primary immune response without the risk of It’s because after every encounter with a pathogen, bothsickness. the T cells and the B cells actual differentiate into an inactive form of th ...
CHAPTER 17 ONTOGENY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
... important exception, is restricted to the bone marrow. We’ve already discussed this exception in Chapter 13; while B-cells (and most other blood cells) are produced within the bone marrow, mature T-cells are produced exclusively within the thymus, from precursors ("pre-T-cells") which themselves are ...
... important exception, is restricted to the bone marrow. We’ve already discussed this exception in Chapter 13; while B-cells (and most other blood cells) are produced within the bone marrow, mature T-cells are produced exclusively within the thymus, from precursors ("pre-T-cells") which themselves are ...
Major Components of Inflammation
... Found on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells within the body. Serve as markers of “self” for the immune system. Identify cells as being normal and belonging in the body. Foreign organisms like viruses will often express some of their foreign antigens on the MHC I of the cells they infect. T ...
... Found on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells within the body. Serve as markers of “self” for the immune system. Identify cells as being normal and belonging in the body. Foreign organisms like viruses will often express some of their foreign antigens on the MHC I of the cells they infect. T ...
Lecture 4 Antigen Recognition
... Interaction between a foreign molecule and a lymphocyte receptor capable of binding that molecule with high affinity leads to lymphocyte activation The differentiated effector cells derived from an activated lymphocyte will bear receptors of identical specificity to those of the parental cell from w ...
... Interaction between a foreign molecule and a lymphocyte receptor capable of binding that molecule with high affinity leads to lymphocyte activation The differentiated effector cells derived from an activated lymphocyte will bear receptors of identical specificity to those of the parental cell from w ...
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY (T * CELL)
... Pathogen that escapes Ab detection can enter and infect cells,Cytotoxic cells kill infected cell and one has kind of receptor Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of • macrophages, • natural killer cells (NK), ...
... Pathogen that escapes Ab detection can enter and infect cells,Cytotoxic cells kill infected cell and one has kind of receptor Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of • macrophages, • natural killer cells (NK), ...
Immune Regulation, Tolerance, and Autoimmunity
... growth factor (TCGF), required for initiating clonal expansion of T cells in response to antigen • BUT: knockout of IL-2 or the a or b chain of the IL-2R results not in immune deficiency but in systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation ...
... growth factor (TCGF), required for initiating clonal expansion of T cells in response to antigen • BUT: knockout of IL-2 or the a or b chain of the IL-2R results not in immune deficiency but in systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation ...
acquired immunity
... One naïve T- cell ( in thousands ) is likely to be ( specific for a particular antigen ) and will be trapped in the the L.node . ...
... One naïve T- cell ( in thousands ) is likely to be ( specific for a particular antigen ) and will be trapped in the the L.node . ...
Adaptive immune response
... Peptides are loaded into MHC II molecules for transport to the cell surface Antigens synthesised in the cell (such as viruses) are broken down to peptides by proteasomes and transported to rough endoplasmic reticulum for loading into MHC I molecules and transport to cell surface Thus surface e ...
... Peptides are loaded into MHC II molecules for transport to the cell surface Antigens synthesised in the cell (such as viruses) are broken down to peptides by proteasomes and transported to rough endoplasmic reticulum for loading into MHC I molecules and transport to cell surface Thus surface e ...
Autoimmunity
... In this lecture, we’ll examine the nature of autoimmunity, and try to determine what causes diseases like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus In the lecture that follows, we’ll consider the role of the immune system in allergic reactions, and asthma The more you think about it, doesn ...
... In this lecture, we’ll examine the nature of autoimmunity, and try to determine what causes diseases like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus In the lecture that follows, we’ll consider the role of the immune system in allergic reactions, and asthma The more you think about it, doesn ...
Chapter 14 – Cell-mediated effector responses
... In phase 1, which probably occurs on the surface of an APC, the TCR of the CTL-P binds to class I/peptide complex of stimulator cell, and CD28 of CTL-P binds to B7 of the APC (Figures 14-1 and 14-2). The now-activated CTL-P begins to express TAC, the α chain of the IL-2 receptor, which converts its ...
... In phase 1, which probably occurs on the surface of an APC, the TCR of the CTL-P binds to class I/peptide complex of stimulator cell, and CD28 of CTL-P binds to B7 of the APC (Figures 14-1 and 14-2). The now-activated CTL-P begins to express TAC, the α chain of the IL-2 receptor, which converts its ...
The Adaptive Immune Response PowerPoint
... cytotoxic T cells recognize the non-self cell and induce apoptosis (cell self death) in the viral infected or other microbial infected cell – this process also recognizes cancer cells and ...
... cytotoxic T cells recognize the non-self cell and induce apoptosis (cell self death) in the viral infected or other microbial infected cell – this process also recognizes cancer cells and ...
Cellular mechanisms: host defence
... (PRRs), found in virtually all organisms. – They recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), common products produced by bacteria, fungi, viruses and so on that these organisms could not readily change to evade detection. ...
... (PRRs), found in virtually all organisms. – They recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), common products produced by bacteria, fungi, viruses and so on that these organisms could not readily change to evade detection. ...
Invited Revie W Memory B cells and CD27
... expressed on the surface, immature B cells become mature B cells. The mature B cells become activated in the T cell zones of PALS and then migrate into B cell zones to form germinal centers. To produce antibodies, the differentiation of B cells into specific antibody-secreting cells (plasma cells) i ...
... expressed on the surface, immature B cells become mature B cells. The mature B cells become activated in the T cell zones of PALS and then migrate into B cell zones to form germinal centers. To produce antibodies, the differentiation of B cells into specific antibody-secreting cells (plasma cells) i ...
Thymus
... Outer cortex: thymus-independent area : B cell-rich area lymphoid follicle/lymphoid nodule : primary lymphoid follicle : without germinal center mature and naïve B cells secondary lymphoid follicle : with germinal center activated B cells and memory B cells and macrophage Paracortex : T cell-rich ar ...
... Outer cortex: thymus-independent area : B cell-rich area lymphoid follicle/lymphoid nodule : primary lymphoid follicle : without germinal center mature and naïve B cells secondary lymphoid follicle : with germinal center activated B cells and memory B cells and macrophage Paracortex : T cell-rich ar ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.