Immune System and Disease
... Nonspecific Defenses The body has many nonspecific defenses, which defend against a wide range of pathogens. ▶ The first line of defense is skin. Skin keeps pathogens out of the body by forming a barrier that few pathogens can get through. Mucus, saliva, and tears contain an enzyme that can kill bac ...
... Nonspecific Defenses The body has many nonspecific defenses, which defend against a wide range of pathogens. ▶ The first line of defense is skin. Skin keeps pathogens out of the body by forming a barrier that few pathogens can get through. Mucus, saliva, and tears contain an enzyme that can kill bac ...
The lymphatic system
... Unlike the innate system, which is always ready and able to react, the adaptive system must “meet” or be primed by an initial exposure to a specific foreign substance (antigen) before it can protect the body against that substance. Three important aspects of the adaptive immune ...
... Unlike the innate system, which is always ready and able to react, the adaptive system must “meet” or be primed by an initial exposure to a specific foreign substance (antigen) before it can protect the body against that substance. Three important aspects of the adaptive immune ...
Review: Chapters 12 & 14 and HIV
... form of the tetanus toxin results in: a. naturally acquired active immunity b. naturally acquired passive immunity c. artificially acquired active immunity d. artificially acquired passive immunity ...
... form of the tetanus toxin results in: a. naturally acquired active immunity b. naturally acquired passive immunity c. artificially acquired active immunity d. artificially acquired passive immunity ...
So You Want to Boost Your Immune System!
... and how do they weaken the immune system? An atom or group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron; in the body it is usually an oxygen molecule that has lost an electron and will stabilize itself by stealing an electron from a nearby molecule. ...
... and how do they weaken the immune system? An atom or group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron; in the body it is usually an oxygen molecule that has lost an electron and will stabilize itself by stealing an electron from a nearby molecule. ...
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells
... – A long-standing hypothesis: NK cells function in protective tumor immune surveillance (by killing tumors that have downregulated MHC class I to evade recognition and cytotoxicity by T cells) – Difficult to test this theory in humans, but NK cells can reject tumors in mouse ...
... – A long-standing hypothesis: NK cells function in protective tumor immune surveillance (by killing tumors that have downregulated MHC class I to evade recognition and cytotoxicity by T cells) – Difficult to test this theory in humans, but NK cells can reject tumors in mouse ...
print version
... protection. The second line of defence, the adaptive immune system, provides lifelong immunity; it “remembers” germs or cancers so that it can protect your body against similar attacks in the future. If the immune system is the cancer warrior, then T-cells are the key weapons in its arsenal. They at ...
... protection. The second line of defence, the adaptive immune system, provides lifelong immunity; it “remembers” germs or cancers so that it can protect your body against similar attacks in the future. If the immune system is the cancer warrior, then T-cells are the key weapons in its arsenal. They at ...
1 dent intro
... which they possess a specific antigen receptor, they recognize it. After recognition they rapidly go through several cycles of cell division. Thus, at the end of this process the number of antigen specific lymphocytes is increased manyfold. The non-specific lymphocytes, which fail to recognize any a ...
... which they possess a specific antigen receptor, they recognize it. After recognition they rapidly go through several cycles of cell division. Thus, at the end of this process the number of antigen specific lymphocytes is increased manyfold. The non-specific lymphocytes, which fail to recognize any a ...
SChapter22
... ▪Key cells in this immunity are cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, memory T cells, and suppressor T cells. ▪Before an immune response can begin, T cells must be activated by exposure to an antigen, does not occur with direct antigen-lymphocyte contact. ▪Antigen Presentation- T cells recognize antige ...
... ▪Key cells in this immunity are cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, memory T cells, and suppressor T cells. ▪Before an immune response can begin, T cells must be activated by exposure to an antigen, does not occur with direct antigen-lymphocyte contact. ▪Antigen Presentation- T cells recognize antige ...
Lymphoid tissues
... pharyngeal lymphoid ring). Mature lymphocytes are naive when they leave the primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus). Immunological reactions are initiated by the presentation of antigens to lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells within secondary lymphoid organs or mucosaassociated lymphoid ...
... pharyngeal lymphoid ring). Mature lymphocytes are naive when they leave the primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus). Immunological reactions are initiated by the presentation of antigens to lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells within secondary lymphoid organs or mucosaassociated lymphoid ...
Immune Disorders
... Systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by reddened skin rash, occurs more in women than men Autoantibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA) produced against proteins in the nucleus of host cells Immune complexes are deposited between the dermis & epidermis, in blood vessels, joints (arthritis), glomeruli & CN ...
... Systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by reddened skin rash, occurs more in women than men Autoantibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA) produced against proteins in the nucleus of host cells Immune complexes are deposited between the dermis & epidermis, in blood vessels, joints (arthritis), glomeruli & CN ...
Suspicious Lump Practice Questions PART I: DIRECTIONS. Each of
... B. It includes endothelial cells that are joined together by tight junctions C. It includes endothelial cells that are cuboidal or columnar in shape D. It includes thymic epithelial cells (TECs) joined together by tight junctions E. It is tight in the cortex 29. Identify the FALSE statement regardin ...
... B. It includes endothelial cells that are joined together by tight junctions C. It includes endothelial cells that are cuboidal or columnar in shape D. It includes thymic epithelial cells (TECs) joined together by tight junctions E. It is tight in the cortex 29. Identify the FALSE statement regardin ...
Lymphoid Tissue ( fa..
... Histologically identical to B lymphocytes Formed in bone marrow, migrate to the cortex of the thymus to become immunocompetent There are several subtypes e.g. T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, T suppressor cells and T memory cells Assist B lymphocytes in the performance of their functions ...
... Histologically identical to B lymphocytes Formed in bone marrow, migrate to the cortex of the thymus to become immunocompetent There are several subtypes e.g. T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, T suppressor cells and T memory cells Assist B lymphocytes in the performance of their functions ...
The Humoral Immune system Structure and Diversity Discussion
... cells.)The Cellular immune system possesses three very effective sets of killing cells. They are termed T lymphocytes because they are formed in the Thymus gland. In this system, macrophages initiate destruction by engulfing pathogens, then cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK and K (killer cells) attack and ...
... cells.)The Cellular immune system possesses three very effective sets of killing cells. They are termed T lymphocytes because they are formed in the Thymus gland. In this system, macrophages initiate destruction by engulfing pathogens, then cytotoxic T lymphocytes, NK and K (killer cells) attack and ...
Group A
... and viruses • There are two types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells – T cells - attack foreign cells directly – B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies ...
... and viruses • There are two types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells – T cells - attack foreign cells directly – B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies ...
(areolar) connective tissue
... - fibrous tissue with fewer cells (cells are mostly fibroblasts) - little ground substance - collagen fibers are bundles, without definite orientation - found in dermis, prostate, mammary glands, outer capsule of many organs 2. dense regularly arranged connective tissue (DRACT) - made of many fibers ...
... - fibrous tissue with fewer cells (cells are mostly fibroblasts) - little ground substance - collagen fibers are bundles, without definite orientation - found in dermis, prostate, mammary glands, outer capsule of many organs 2. dense regularly arranged connective tissue (DRACT) - made of many fibers ...
PNH Glossary of Terms
... The state of having too few red blood cells Immunoglobulins (serum proteins) produced by the body in response to specific antigens (usually a foreign protein) A drug capable of reducing the capacity of the blood to blot (causes “thinning of the blood”) Reduction by medication of the capacity of the ...
... The state of having too few red blood cells Immunoglobulins (serum proteins) produced by the body in response to specific antigens (usually a foreign protein) A drug capable of reducing the capacity of the blood to blot (causes “thinning of the blood”) Reduction by medication of the capacity of the ...
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
... * DNA vaccines are being developed that introduce DNA that encodes for antigens rather than the antigen itself. Can you suggest how this would work? ...
... * DNA vaccines are being developed that introduce DNA that encodes for antigens rather than the antigen itself. Can you suggest how this would work? ...
Chapter 27
... RESPONSE • B cells also respond to activated helper T cells. • B cells do not attack infected cells, rather, they mark the pathogen for destruction. • Early in the humoral immune response, the markers placed by B cells alert complement proteins to attack the cells carrying them. • Later, the markers ...
... RESPONSE • B cells also respond to activated helper T cells. • B cells do not attack infected cells, rather, they mark the pathogen for destruction. • Early in the humoral immune response, the markers placed by B cells alert complement proteins to attack the cells carrying them. • Later, the markers ...
Luteal Phase Corpus Luteum corpus hemorrhagicum (ovulation till
... oxytocin o produced by CL (large luteal cells) o receptors in uterus decline after ovulation as progesterone increases o after 10-12 days progesterone, uterine oxytocin receptors again begin to increase o in response to oxytocin binding to its receptor in the uterine endometrium, PGF is released o P ...
... oxytocin o produced by CL (large luteal cells) o receptors in uterus decline after ovulation as progesterone increases o after 10-12 days progesterone, uterine oxytocin receptors again begin to increase o in response to oxytocin binding to its receptor in the uterine endometrium, PGF is released o P ...
Chapter 15 Immune response(Ir)
... immune response are IgM, but activated B cells subsequently undergo isotype switching or class switching to secrete antibodies of different isotypes: IgG, IgA, and IgE. Isotype switching does not affect antibody specificity significantly. • Occurred when Ag-activated B encounter helper T cell signal ...
... immune response are IgM, but activated B cells subsequently undergo isotype switching or class switching to secrete antibodies of different isotypes: IgG, IgA, and IgE. Isotype switching does not affect antibody specificity significantly. • Occurred when Ag-activated B encounter helper T cell signal ...
The IMMUNE SYSTEM
... in removing and destroying waste, debris, dead blood cells, pathogens, toxins, and cancer cells. • The lymphatic system absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and delivers these nutrients to the cells of the body where they are used by the cells. • The lymphatic system also ...
... in removing and destroying waste, debris, dead blood cells, pathogens, toxins, and cancer cells. • The lymphatic system absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and delivers these nutrients to the cells of the body where they are used by the cells. • The lymphatic system also ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.