Cell-penetrating peptides and antimicrobial peptides: how different
... magnitude higher than in the aqueous phase (e.g. [75,76]); as such, there will be many more peptide molecules available for pore formation than for pore crossing. In addition, pore diameters are relatively narrow and usually not longer than the length of the peptides (alamethicin barrel stave pores ...
... magnitude higher than in the aqueous phase (e.g. [75,76]); as such, there will be many more peptide molecules available for pore formation than for pore crossing. In addition, pore diameters are relatively narrow and usually not longer than the length of the peptides (alamethicin barrel stave pores ...
Formation of lipid bodies and fatty acid composition changes upon
... transferred to agar plates with Bold’s Basal Medium without nitrate or any other source of nitrogen, and kept at 18 °C and continuous light (35 µmol m-2 s-1) for 9 weeks as previously described (Pichrtová et al. 2014b). Pre-akinete cultures are referred to as “mature cultures”. After nine weeks of n ...
... transferred to agar plates with Bold’s Basal Medium without nitrate or any other source of nitrogen, and kept at 18 °C and continuous light (35 µmol m-2 s-1) for 9 weeks as previously described (Pichrtová et al. 2014b). Pre-akinete cultures are referred to as “mature cultures”. After nine weeks of n ...
Improved topology prediction using the terminal
... The positive-inside rule is used to allow for less hydrophobic TMsegments to be recognized if this results in that more positive residues are found in periplasmic loops. Exactly how the balance between the hydrophobicity cut-off and the positive-inside rule is optimized varies between methods. In so ...
... The positive-inside rule is used to allow for less hydrophobic TMsegments to be recognized if this results in that more positive residues are found in periplasmic loops. Exactly how the balance between the hydrophobicity cut-off and the positive-inside rule is optimized varies between methods. In so ...
Lipid Characterization of an Enriched Plasma Membrane
... membrane of Dunaliella must not only remain functional under the high external concentrations of NaCl, but also maintain a permeability barrier against the high NaCl concentration outside of the cell. Indeed, internal Na+ concentrations of less than 100 mm have been reported in Dunaliella cells grow ...
... membrane of Dunaliella must not only remain functional under the high external concentrations of NaCl, but also maintain a permeability barrier against the high NaCl concentration outside of the cell. Indeed, internal Na+ concentrations of less than 100 mm have been reported in Dunaliella cells grow ...
File
... since its dendrites and cell body can have synapses with many other neurons. • Excitatory signals: cause a depolarizing effect • Inhibitory signals: cause a hyperpolarizing effect Synaptic integration is the summing up of the excitatory and inhibitory signals in a postsynaptic neuron. • If the combi ...
... since its dendrites and cell body can have synapses with many other neurons. • Excitatory signals: cause a depolarizing effect • Inhibitory signals: cause a hyperpolarizing effect Synaptic integration is the summing up of the excitatory and inhibitory signals in a postsynaptic neuron. • If the combi ...
SNX9 – a prelude to vesicle release - Journal of Cell Science
... that mediate the uptake of fluid, molecules and particles from the exterior of the cell. Common to these processes is the formation of a curved membrane, which yields a lipid-bilayer envelope around the engulfed matter. The geometry and composition of such envelopes are carefully controlled to allow ...
... that mediate the uptake of fluid, molecules and particles from the exterior of the cell. Common to these processes is the formation of a curved membrane, which yields a lipid-bilayer envelope around the engulfed matter. The geometry and composition of such envelopes are carefully controlled to allow ...
Tan2
... All antimicrobial peptides are derived from larger precursors, including a signal sequence. Post-translational modifications include proteolytic processing, and in some cases glycosylation, carboxy-terminal amidation and amino-acid isomerization and halogenation. Some peptides are derived by proteol ...
... All antimicrobial peptides are derived from larger precursors, including a signal sequence. Post-translational modifications include proteolytic processing, and in some cases glycosylation, carboxy-terminal amidation and amino-acid isomerization and halogenation. Some peptides are derived by proteol ...
Lipid defense response of Chlorella as theoretical background in
... occur in organisms as a consequence of lipid deport, can be studied by modeling artificially modified Chlorella ontogenesis. After several divisions, Chlorella cells have fates or options in cell differentiation to form new cell populations. Two of them are very interesting for us (Figs. 1a-1d, and ...
... occur in organisms as a consequence of lipid deport, can be studied by modeling artificially modified Chlorella ontogenesis. After several divisions, Chlorella cells have fates or options in cell differentiation to form new cell populations. Two of them are very interesting for us (Figs. 1a-1d, and ...
Working paper - Complex Systems Lab
... division is a feasible mechanism of vesicle self-replication (Macı́a and Solé, 2006). In this framework, the non-uniform distribution of osmotic pressures along the membrane is related to the non-uniform, enzyme-driven metabolite distribution inside the vesicle, with metabolic reactions taking plac ...
... division is a feasible mechanism of vesicle self-replication (Macı́a and Solé, 2006). In this framework, the non-uniform distribution of osmotic pressures along the membrane is related to the non-uniform, enzyme-driven metabolite distribution inside the vesicle, with metabolic reactions taking plac ...
Sequential steps in clathrin-mediated synaptic vesicle endocytosis
... part in the recycling of synaptic vesicles following neurotransmitter release [2]. The clathrin-mediated pathway of synaptic vesicle recycling was characterized in the early 1970s in pioneering work by Heuser and Reese, but its importance for synaptic function has been tested only recently. A series ...
... part in the recycling of synaptic vesicles following neurotransmitter release [2]. The clathrin-mediated pathway of synaptic vesicle recycling was characterized in the early 1970s in pioneering work by Heuser and Reese, but its importance for synaptic function has been tested only recently. A series ...
PROTEIN-LIPID INTERPLAY IN FUSION AND FISSION OF
... dashed lines). Although a surface bending is characterized by two principal curvatures (Figure 2D), in practice one uses their combinations, called the total curvature, J ⫽ c1 ⫹ c2, and the Gaussian curvature, K ⫽ c1 䡠 c2, which have a profound geometrical meaning. For mathematical reasons, the Gaus ...
... dashed lines). Although a surface bending is characterized by two principal curvatures (Figure 2D), in practice one uses their combinations, called the total curvature, J ⫽ c1 ⫹ c2, and the Gaussian curvature, K ⫽ c1 䡠 c2, which have a profound geometrical meaning. For mathematical reasons, the Gaus ...
Protein Sorting between Mitochondrial Membranes Specified by
... (A) pSPO19 is derived from pSP64 and contains a cDNA insert coding for a functional full length copy of rat liver pOCT(25). (B) pSPOGS encodes pOCT containing the VSV G stop-transfer sequence positioned between amino acids 319 and 321 of the pOCT sequence. The derived polypeptide precursor is design ...
... (A) pSPO19 is derived from pSP64 and contains a cDNA insert coding for a functional full length copy of rat liver pOCT(25). (B) pSPOGS encodes pOCT containing the VSV G stop-transfer sequence positioned between amino acids 319 and 321 of the pOCT sequence. The derived polypeptide precursor is design ...
The basement membrane anchors epithelium to the
... The primary function of the basement membrane is to anchor down the epithelium to its loose connective tissue underneath. This is achieved by cell-matrix adhesions through substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs). The basement membrane also acts as a mechanical barrier, preventing malignant cells from in ...
... The primary function of the basement membrane is to anchor down the epithelium to its loose connective tissue underneath. This is achieved by cell-matrix adhesions through substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs). The basement membrane also acts as a mechanical barrier, preventing malignant cells from in ...
Antigenic Properties of Mycoplasma Organisms and Membranes
... Agglutination of whole cell. This was carried out either on glass slides at room temperature or in test-tubes at 52O according to Bailey et al. (1961). Double difliion in agar. The test was done according to Ouchterlony (1964). Noble agar 1% (w/v) was prepared in veronal+HCl buffer (PH = 8.2; ionic ...
... Agglutination of whole cell. This was carried out either on glass slides at room temperature or in test-tubes at 52O according to Bailey et al. (1961). Double difliion in agar. The test was done according to Ouchterlony (1964). Noble agar 1% (w/v) was prepared in veronal+HCl buffer (PH = 8.2; ionic ...
- blogs@NTU
... chloroplast [13], have been isolated from plants; however, so far the isolation of vesicles has been an insurmountable challenge. In mammalian cells, immunoisolation of vesicles has been performed, for example, from mouse brain cells [14] and has provided insights into trafficking pathways. However ...
... chloroplast [13], have been isolated from plants; however, so far the isolation of vesicles has been an insurmountable challenge. In mammalian cells, immunoisolation of vesicles has been performed, for example, from mouse brain cells [14] and has provided insights into trafficking pathways. However ...
Lipid and Lipoprotein Population Distributions - Lectures For UG-5
... Exogeneous cholesterol comes from diet Endogeneous cholesterol is synthesized by the liver 70 % of cholesterol associated with cellular components 30 % is in the plasma ( ⅓ free form , ⅔ esterfied ) ...
... Exogeneous cholesterol comes from diet Endogeneous cholesterol is synthesized by the liver 70 % of cholesterol associated with cellular components 30 % is in the plasma ( ⅓ free form , ⅔ esterfied ) ...
Pore-Forming Proteins and Adaptation of Living Organisms to
... membrane-parallel orientation (without pore forming) or in the membrane-orthogonal orientation that subsequently leads to transmembrane pore formation [6]. In the latter case, melittin molecules are brought together by the “helix–helix” interaction, with inwardly directed hydrophilic helix sides and ...
... membrane-parallel orientation (without pore forming) or in the membrane-orthogonal orientation that subsequently leads to transmembrane pore formation [6]. In the latter case, melittin molecules are brought together by the “helix–helix” interaction, with inwardly directed hydrophilic helix sides and ...
Emerging roles for lipids in non-apoptotic cell death
... different interaction between lipids and the lysosome can trigger non-apoptotic RCD in macrophages. When these cells are exposed to palmitate in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a lipid-modified sugar found on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria), cells undergo an unusual form of non-apop ...
... different interaction between lipids and the lysosome can trigger non-apoptotic RCD in macrophages. When these cells are exposed to palmitate in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a lipid-modified sugar found on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria), cells undergo an unusual form of non-apop ...
Signals are transmitted from one neuron to the next
... While electrical synapses are fewer in number than chemical synapses, they are found in all nervous systems where they play important and unique roles. The mode of neurotransmission in electrical synapses is quite different from that in chemical synapses. In an electrical synapse, the presynaptic an ...
... While electrical synapses are fewer in number than chemical synapses, they are found in all nervous systems where they play important and unique roles. The mode of neurotransmission in electrical synapses is quite different from that in chemical synapses. In an electrical synapse, the presynaptic an ...
Structure, function and mechanism of G
... • Alfred Wittinghofer Vetter and Wittinghofer „The Guanine nucleotide binding switch in three dimensions.“ Science (2001) Bos, Rehmann, Wittinghofer „GEFs and GAPs critical elements in the control of G-Proteins.“ Cell (2007) A. Wittinghofer, H. Waldmann. „Ras - A molecular switch involved in tumor ...
... • Alfred Wittinghofer Vetter and Wittinghofer „The Guanine nucleotide binding switch in three dimensions.“ Science (2001) Bos, Rehmann, Wittinghofer „GEFs and GAPs critical elements in the control of G-Proteins.“ Cell (2007) A. Wittinghofer, H. Waldmann. „Ras - A molecular switch involved in tumor ...
Abiogenesis
... • RNA is (probably) too complex to have arisen in one step – Plausible precursors are required ...
... • RNA is (probably) too complex to have arisen in one step – Plausible precursors are required ...
Lipid rafts
... It is important to note, cholesterol may regulate protein function not only through altering lipid rafts but also by direct interactions with the proteins. However, it is very challenging to discriminate between these possibilities for any specific type of protein because it is unreasonable to test ...
... It is important to note, cholesterol may regulate protein function not only through altering lipid rafts but also by direct interactions with the proteins. However, it is very challenging to discriminate between these possibilities for any specific type of protein because it is unreasonable to test ...
Oxford Nanopore Technologies
... • Run until... sufficient data – The GridION system enables users to run an experiment until sufficient data has been collected to reach a predetermined experimental endpoint. ...
... • Run until... sufficient data – The GridION system enables users to run an experiment until sufficient data has been collected to reach a predetermined experimental endpoint. ...
SpoIIQ Anchors Membrane Proteins on Both Sides of
... motion by the compartment-specific transcription factors F in the forespore and E in the mother cell. The first landmark event in the process of sporulation is the formation of an asymmetric septum. The switch from medial to polar division is brought about by a change in the subcellular position o ...
... motion by the compartment-specific transcription factors F in the forespore and E in the mother cell. The first landmark event in the process of sporulation is the formation of an asymmetric septum. The switch from medial to polar division is brought about by a change in the subcellular position o ...
Membrane Proteins
... • The film on the water was twice the surface area of the blood cells, suggesting that lipids on the cell surface consisted of two layers • They suggested that the most favorable structure would be a lipid bilayer, with the nonpolar regions of the lipids facing inward © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • The film on the water was twice the surface area of the blood cells, suggesting that lipids on the cell surface consisted of two layers • They suggested that the most favorable structure would be a lipid bilayer, with the nonpolar regions of the lipids facing inward © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Model lipid bilayer
A model lipid bilayer is any bilayer assembled in vitro, as opposed to the bilayer of natural cell membranes or covering various sub-cellular structures like the nucleus. A model bilayer can be made with either synthetic or natural lipids. The simplest model systems contain only a single pure synthetic lipid. More physiologically relevant model bilayers can be made with mixtures of several synthetic or natural lipids.There are many different types of model bilayers, each having experimental advantages and disadvantages. The first system developed was the black lipid membrane or “painted” bilayer, which allows simple electrical characterization of bilayers but is short-lived and can be difficult to work with. Supported bilayers are anchored to a solid substrate, increasing stability and allowing the use of characterization tools not possible in bulk solution. These advantages come at the cost of unwanted substrate interactions which can denature membrane proteins.