Direct Interaction between Survivin and Smac/DIABLO Is Essential
... Survivin (Surv-BIR) lacking its C-terminal and Smac/DIABLO were also cloned into pEGFP-C1 plasmid, respectively. In addition, the gene fragments (reacted by PCR for primer pairs P12/P1) was used to generated pTRE2/A-Surv (coding for antisense Survivin). The DNA fragment coding for mature Smac/DIABLO ...
... Survivin (Surv-BIR) lacking its C-terminal and Smac/DIABLO were also cloned into pEGFP-C1 plasmid, respectively. In addition, the gene fragments (reacted by PCR for primer pairs P12/P1) was used to generated pTRE2/A-Surv (coding for antisense Survivin). The DNA fragment coding for mature Smac/DIABLO ...
FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE DIRECT PHYSICAL CBP/p300
... Clues to the molecular mechanisms of leukemogenesis have been provided by the discovery of non-random chromosomal abnormalities in the leukemic cells. More than half of all leukemias have detectable chromosomal abnormalities by karyotypic analysis (2). Some of these abnormalities are consistently as ...
... Clues to the molecular mechanisms of leukemogenesis have been provided by the discovery of non-random chromosomal abnormalities in the leukemic cells. More than half of all leukemias have detectable chromosomal abnormalities by karyotypic analysis (2). Some of these abnormalities are consistently as ...
understanding the role of sumoylation in regulating lkb1 function
... kinase B1 (LKB1), one of the key regulators of cellular energy balance, was initially discovered as a tumor suppressor mutated in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Germline mutations in LKB1 predispose patients to develop several benign and malignant tumors including gastrointestinal and lung ca ...
... kinase B1 (LKB1), one of the key regulators of cellular energy balance, was initially discovered as a tumor suppressor mutated in patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Germline mutations in LKB1 predispose patients to develop several benign and malignant tumors including gastrointestinal and lung ca ...
A direct role for Sox10 in specification of neural crest
... Zebrafish sox10, also known as colourless (cls), shows a strong conservation of gene expression pattern and function, and homozygous sox10 mutants display a phenotype strikingly similar to that of mouse Sox10 null homozygotes (Dutton et al., 2001a; Dutton et al., 2001b; Kelsh et al., 1996; Kelsh et ...
... Zebrafish sox10, also known as colourless (cls), shows a strong conservation of gene expression pattern and function, and homozygous sox10 mutants display a phenotype strikingly similar to that of mouse Sox10 null homozygotes (Dutton et al., 2001a; Dutton et al., 2001b; Kelsh et al., 1996; Kelsh et ...
EC 3.4.22.32 - Bio
... proteins to oligopeptides and amino acids. Bromelain's proteolytic enzymes are cysteine proteases. Cysteine proteases cleave peptide bonds by nucleophilic attack via active-site cysteine residues. Other members of the cysteine protease family, include calpains and caspases. ...
... proteins to oligopeptides and amino acids. Bromelain's proteolytic enzymes are cysteine proteases. Cysteine proteases cleave peptide bonds by nucleophilic attack via active-site cysteine residues. Other members of the cysteine protease family, include calpains and caspases. ...
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... clone from a mouse liver library in the Washington University/HHMI EST database that had homology to the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of a number of nuclear receptors. We used this partial sequence information to isolate larger clones from a mouse liver cDNA library. The nucleotide sequence of the ...
... clone from a mouse liver library in the Washington University/HHMI EST database that had homology to the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of a number of nuclear receptors. We used this partial sequence information to isolate larger clones from a mouse liver cDNA library. The nucleotide sequence of the ...
Host cell interactions of outer membrane vesicle-associated
... OptiPrep density gradient fractionation of O157 OMVs and analyses of the fractions for OmpA (an OMV marker) and the virulence factors by immunoblot demonstrated that the different fractions partially differ by virulence factors cargoes (Fig 1C). Specifically, 5791/99 OMVs in fractions 1 to 3 carry S ...
... OptiPrep density gradient fractionation of O157 OMVs and analyses of the fractions for OmpA (an OMV marker) and the virulence factors by immunoblot demonstrated that the different fractions partially differ by virulence factors cargoes (Fig 1C). Specifically, 5791/99 OMVs in fractions 1 to 3 carry S ...
Interleukin 12 p40 Production by Barrier Epithelial Cells during
... Human airway epithelial cells appear specially programmed for expression of immune response genes implicated in immunity and inflammation. To better determine how this epithelial system operates in vivo, we analyzed its behavior in mouse models that allow for in vitro versus in vivo comparison and g ...
... Human airway epithelial cells appear specially programmed for expression of immune response genes implicated in immunity and inflammation. To better determine how this epithelial system operates in vivo, we analyzed its behavior in mouse models that allow for in vitro versus in vivo comparison and g ...
Nkx2-5 mutation causes anatomic hypoplasia of the cardiac
... in humans by unknown mechanisms. We show in KO mice that the number of cells in the cardiac conduction system is directly related to Nkx2-5 gene dosage. Null mutant embryos appear to lack the primordium of the atrioventricular node. In Nkx2-5 haploinsufficiency, the conduction system has half the no ...
... in humans by unknown mechanisms. We show in KO mice that the number of cells in the cardiac conduction system is directly related to Nkx2-5 gene dosage. Null mutant embryos appear to lack the primordium of the atrioventricular node. In Nkx2-5 haploinsufficiency, the conduction system has half the no ...
Retinoblastoma Protein Contains a C-terminal - Bio
... due to phosphorylation (34), when coproduced with either cyclin A or cyclin E. All of the pRB species bound to SV40 T antigen when produced in COS cells, suggesting that they were not grossly denatured (Fig. 2E). Thus, consistent with the in vitro results, sequences between residues 864 and 896 were ...
... due to phosphorylation (34), when coproduced with either cyclin A or cyclin E. All of the pRB species bound to SV40 T antigen when produced in COS cells, suggesting that they were not grossly denatured (Fig. 2E). Thus, consistent with the in vitro results, sequences between residues 864 and 896 were ...
Zinc transporters that regulate vacuolar zinc storage in
... component of the zinc ®nger motifs found in many transcription factors and as a catalytic co-factor for RNA polymerase, zinc is required for gene transcription (Vallee and Falchuk, 1993). Zinc is also a cofactor of many essential enzymes. Consistent with the importance of zinc to cellular metabolism ...
... component of the zinc ®nger motifs found in many transcription factors and as a catalytic co-factor for RNA polymerase, zinc is required for gene transcription (Vallee and Falchuk, 1993). Zinc is also a cofactor of many essential enzymes. Consistent with the importance of zinc to cellular metabolism ...
Two different but converging messenger pathways to intracellular
... In general, the actions of most hormones and neurotransmitters, which release Ca2+ from internal stores, are blocked by heparin used as an IP3 receptor antagonist, but the possible involvement of cADPR and NAADP receptors has not been tested (Petersen and Cancela, 1999). It is therefore not known wh ...
... In general, the actions of most hormones and neurotransmitters, which release Ca2+ from internal stores, are blocked by heparin used as an IP3 receptor antagonist, but the possible involvement of cADPR and NAADP receptors has not been tested (Petersen and Cancela, 1999). It is therefore not known wh ...
Development of in vitro procedures that can predict the safety of
... release from PBMC. This technique was superior to other mAb immobilisation techniques, investigated in terms of predicting cytokine release. Immobilisation of TGN1412 may mimic the immunological synapse formed between this mAb and target cells in vivo. In a more physiologically relevant procedure, T ...
... release from PBMC. This technique was superior to other mAb immobilisation techniques, investigated in terms of predicting cytokine release. Immobilisation of TGN1412 may mimic the immunological synapse formed between this mAb and target cells in vivo. In a more physiologically relevant procedure, T ...
Cooperative and independent functions of FGF and Wnt signaling
... morphogenesis to form the mature inner ear. Multiple extracellular signals, including Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Wnt, are required for formation of the otic placode [2, 4–6]. However, the cooperative vs. distinct roles of these pathways during otic placode induction and patterning in mammals ...
... morphogenesis to form the mature inner ear. Multiple extracellular signals, including Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Wnt, are required for formation of the otic placode [2, 4–6]. However, the cooperative vs. distinct roles of these pathways during otic placode induction and patterning in mammals ...
The endosperm-specific ZHOUPI gene of
... One potentially important role that the endosperm could play in embryogenesis is in defining the continuous cuticular layer at the boundary between the developing embryo and the endosperm. This structure is necessary to prevent organ fusion after germination, and it may also prevent fusion of the em ...
... One potentially important role that the endosperm could play in embryogenesis is in defining the continuous cuticular layer at the boundary between the developing embryo and the endosperm. This structure is necessary to prevent organ fusion after germination, and it may also prevent fusion of the em ...
Nkx2-5 mutation causes anatomic hypoplasia of the cardiac
... in humans by unknown mechanisms. We show in KO mice that the number of cells in the cardiac conduction system is directly related to Nkx2-5 gene dosage. Null mutant embryos appear to lack the primordium of the atrioventricular node. In Nkx2-5 haploinsufficiency, the conduction system has half the no ...
... in humans by unknown mechanisms. We show in KO mice that the number of cells in the cardiac conduction system is directly related to Nkx2-5 gene dosage. Null mutant embryos appear to lack the primordium of the atrioventricular node. In Nkx2-5 haploinsufficiency, the conduction system has half the no ...
ABA-based chemical signalling: the co-ordination of
... (1991). These authors calculated that the amount of ABA carried in the transpiration stream of cotton plants each day is nine times in excess of the amount of ABA actually detected in the leaves at the end of the day. In the past it has been argued (e.g. Jackson 1993) that as the transpirational flu ...
... (1991). These authors calculated that the amount of ABA carried in the transpiration stream of cotton plants each day is nine times in excess of the amount of ABA actually detected in the leaves at the end of the day. In the past it has been argued (e.g. Jackson 1993) that as the transpirational flu ...
Glutamate 83 and arginine 85 of helix H3 bend are key residues for
... FtsA and ZipA [1,2]. This event is necessary for the sequential addition of at least twelve other membrane proteins responsible for peptidoglycan assembly and membrane constriction [3]. Inactivation of the corresponding genes blocks the cell division and give rise to long multinucleated cells that f ...
... FtsA and ZipA [1,2]. This event is necessary for the sequential addition of at least twelve other membrane proteins responsible for peptidoglycan assembly and membrane constriction [3]. Inactivation of the corresponding genes blocks the cell division and give rise to long multinucleated cells that f ...
CBP/p300 in cell growth, transformation, and development Richard
... participate in various tumor-suppressor pathways. It ends with the demonstration that these coactivators ...
... participate in various tumor-suppressor pathways. It ends with the demonstration that these coactivators ...
Sears JC and Broihier HT
... sole FoxO ortholog in Drosophila regulates MT organization in presynaptic terminals of motor neurons (Nechipurenko and Broihier, 2012). Together, these studies demonstrate that FoxO proteins are evolutionarily conserved regulators of neuronal structure and function. However, a role for FoxO proteins ...
... sole FoxO ortholog in Drosophila regulates MT organization in presynaptic terminals of motor neurons (Nechipurenko and Broihier, 2012). Together, these studies demonstrate that FoxO proteins are evolutionarily conserved regulators of neuronal structure and function. However, a role for FoxO proteins ...
VegT initiates mesoderm induction - Development
... their expression, mesodermal differentiation occurred ectopically, in cells derived from the vegetal mass of the blastula rather than from the equatorial origin, and the vegetal cells lost their ability to produce mesoderm-inducing signals as measured by Nieuwkoop assays (Zhang and King, 1996). Here ...
... their expression, mesodermal differentiation occurred ectopically, in cells derived from the vegetal mass of the blastula rather than from the equatorial origin, and the vegetal cells lost their ability to produce mesoderm-inducing signals as measured by Nieuwkoop assays (Zhang and King, 1996). Here ...
The secreted cell signal Folded Gastrulation regulates glial
... During gastrulation in Drosophila, ventral cells change shape, undergoing synchronous apical constriction, to create the ventral furrow (VF). This process is affected in mutant embryos lacking zygotic function of the folded gastrulation (fog) gene, which encodes a putative secreted protein. Fog is a ...
... During gastrulation in Drosophila, ventral cells change shape, undergoing synchronous apical constriction, to create the ventral furrow (VF). This process is affected in mutant embryos lacking zygotic function of the folded gastrulation (fog) gene, which encodes a putative secreted protein. Fog is a ...
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... mutant gastrulae, which are characterized by expanded expression of this gene (Figure 2Cc–c9) [7]. In conclusion, this attenuation of ich phenotypic severity by reducing ccr7 function is consistent with the notion that Ccr7 plays a negative role in dorsal axis specification by directly or indirectly ...
... mutant gastrulae, which are characterized by expanded expression of this gene (Figure 2Cc–c9) [7]. In conclusion, this attenuation of ich phenotypic severity by reducing ccr7 function is consistent with the notion that Ccr7 plays a negative role in dorsal axis specification by directly or indirectly ...
Lung fluid restriction affects growth but not airway branching of
... not significantly alter either the pattern or rate of the branching process in 12-day lung rudimentscompared to those cultured in serumless medium. This suggests that the initial airway branch. ing process is controlled by intrinsic factors. Recent studies have implicated growth factors as intrinsic ...
... not significantly alter either the pattern or rate of the branching process in 12-day lung rudimentscompared to those cultured in serumless medium. This suggests that the initial airway branch. ing process is controlled by intrinsic factors. Recent studies have implicated growth factors as intrinsic ...
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... seconds, with t=0 corresponding to pronuclear meeting unless stated otherwise, and scale bars represent 10 µm. See also supplementary material Movies 1 and 2. (C,D) Kymographs of the areas marked by dashed white rectangles in A and B. The white line delineates the position of the nuclear envelopes o ...
... seconds, with t=0 corresponding to pronuclear meeting unless stated otherwise, and scale bars represent 10 µm. See also supplementary material Movies 1 and 2. (C,D) Kymographs of the areas marked by dashed white rectangles in A and B. The white line delineates the position of the nuclear envelopes o ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.