The TSC1–TSC2 complex: a molecular switchboard controlling cell
... a GTPase target revealed that this domain of TSC2 has weak in vitro GAP activity towards both Rap1 and Rab5 [6,7], which are two rather distinct small G-proteins. Although these targets may not be relevant in vivo, these studies were important in demonstrating that this region of TSC2 was indeed a G ...
... a GTPase target revealed that this domain of TSC2 has weak in vitro GAP activity towards both Rap1 and Rab5 [6,7], which are two rather distinct small G-proteins. Although these targets may not be relevant in vivo, these studies were important in demonstrating that this region of TSC2 was indeed a G ...
Micromechanical studies of mitotic chromosomes
... diameter, possibly with a helical structure. However, little else about supranucleosomal organization (‘higherorder chromatin structure’) is solidly understood. This is a result of the relative softness of chromatin fiber, which leads to chromatin’s apparent flexible-polymer properties (Cui and Bustam ...
... diameter, possibly with a helical structure. However, little else about supranucleosomal organization (‘higherorder chromatin structure’) is solidly understood. This is a result of the relative softness of chromatin fiber, which leads to chromatin’s apparent flexible-polymer properties (Cui and Bustam ...
Par3/Baz levels control epithelial folding at actomyosin
... generated ectopic parasegment boundaries by expressing wingless in the whole epithelium (armGal4/UAS-wg, hereafter arm>wg) (Sanson et al., 1999; Larsen et al., 2008). In these embryos, Engrailed expression expands posteriorly to fill its competence domain and an ectopic boundary forms at the posteri ...
... generated ectopic parasegment boundaries by expressing wingless in the whole epithelium (armGal4/UAS-wg, hereafter arm>wg) (Sanson et al., 1999; Larsen et al., 2008). In these embryos, Engrailed expression expands posteriorly to fill its competence domain and an ectopic boundary forms at the posteri ...
Detecting Peptidases and Proteases
... enzyme cascade, caspase-3 has been shown to cleave poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), DNA-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase Cδ and actin. Molecular Probes offers a selection of fluorogenic caspase substrates (Fluorogenic substrates for caspase activity - Table 15.5). The Z-DEVD-AFC substrate ...
... enzyme cascade, caspase-3 has been shown to cleave poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), DNA-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase Cδ and actin. Molecular Probes offers a selection of fluorogenic caspase substrates (Fluorogenic substrates for caspase activity - Table 15.5). The Z-DEVD-AFC substrate ...
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... maintaining intracellular nutrient concentrations at a relatively constant level. How do the nutrients liberated by autophagy promote survival during starvation? The death of autophagy-deficient IL3-deprived Bax–/– Bak–/– mouse cells can be prevented by the addition of methylpyruvate (Lum et al., 20 ...
... maintaining intracellular nutrient concentrations at a relatively constant level. How do the nutrients liberated by autophagy promote survival during starvation? The death of autophagy-deficient IL3-deprived Bax–/– Bak–/– mouse cells can be prevented by the addition of methylpyruvate (Lum et al., 20 ...
Downloaded - The Journal of Cell Biology
... that p120 was a target by which signal transduction pathways regulate AJs. Given this, the seemingly contradictory effects of the JM region on adhesion might be explained if this region receives regulatory inputs that vary depending on cell type, possibly via posttranslational modification of p120. ...
... that p120 was a target by which signal transduction pathways regulate AJs. Given this, the seemingly contradictory effects of the JM region on adhesion might be explained if this region receives regulatory inputs that vary depending on cell type, possibly via posttranslational modification of p120. ...
Full Text - The International Journal of Developmental Biology
... near the graft, the induced somites could be recognized as derived from adjacent tissue that would have developed into lateral plate. Thus it was concluded that induction by the organizer did indeed lead to a change of fate, where “fate” is defined merely as developmental outcome, not as development ...
... near the graft, the induced somites could be recognized as derived from adjacent tissue that would have developed into lateral plate. Thus it was concluded that induction by the organizer did indeed lead to a change of fate, where “fate” is defined merely as developmental outcome, not as development ...
Low peak bone mass and attenuated anabolic response to
... mineralization after 2 weeks (Fig. 4F,G). These in vitro data strengthen the notion that Cx43 expression is necessary for full elaboration of the osteoblast phenotype. Attenuated bone anabolic response to intermittent PTH in osteoblast Cx43-deficient mice We next tested the ability of conditional Cx ...
... mineralization after 2 weeks (Fig. 4F,G). These in vitro data strengthen the notion that Cx43 expression is necessary for full elaboration of the osteoblast phenotype. Attenuated bone anabolic response to intermittent PTH in osteoblast Cx43-deficient mice We next tested the ability of conditional Cx ...
Low peak bone mass and attenuated anabolic response to
... mineralization after 2 weeks (Fig. 4F,G). These in vitro data strengthen the notion that Cx43 expression is necessary for full elaboration of the osteoblast phenotype. Attenuated bone anabolic response to intermittent PTH in osteoblast Cx43-deficient mice We next tested the ability of conditional Cx ...
... mineralization after 2 weeks (Fig. 4F,G). These in vitro data strengthen the notion that Cx43 expression is necessary for full elaboration of the osteoblast phenotype. Attenuated bone anabolic response to intermittent PTH in osteoblast Cx43-deficient mice We next tested the ability of conditional Cx ...
Sensitive Interaction between Raptor a
... ies (Figure 1B). Unlike raptor, GL remains bound to mTOR in buffers containing the detergent Triton X-100, suggesting that the GL-mTOR interaction does not require raptor. In addition to HEK-293T cells, we also detected the endogenous mTOR-GL complex in mouse NIH-3T3 and C2C12 cell lines (data no ...
... ies (Figure 1B). Unlike raptor, GL remains bound to mTOR in buffers containing the detergent Triton X-100, suggesting that the GL-mTOR interaction does not require raptor. In addition to HEK-293T cells, we also detected the endogenous mTOR-GL complex in mouse NIH-3T3 and C2C12 cell lines (data no ...
EGFR/Ras Signaling Controls Drosophila Intestinal Stem
... critical role of EGFR signaling in the Drosophila intestine is consistent with its role during mammalian gut homeostasis and colorectal cancer development [10,11,12,13]. EGFR signaling is required for murine ISC growth [14,15], and the deletion of Lrig1, a negative feedback regulator of EGFR signali ...
... critical role of EGFR signaling in the Drosophila intestine is consistent with its role during mammalian gut homeostasis and colorectal cancer development [10,11,12,13]. EGFR signaling is required for murine ISC growth [14,15], and the deletion of Lrig1, a negative feedback regulator of EGFR signali ...
Formation and excretion of autophagic plastids (plastolysomes) in
... The change in developmental fate of microspores reprogrammed toward embryogenesis is a complex but fascinating experimental system where microspores undergo dramatic changes derived from the developmental switch. After 40 years of study of the ultrastructural changes undergone by the induced microsp ...
... The change in developmental fate of microspores reprogrammed toward embryogenesis is a complex but fascinating experimental system where microspores undergo dramatic changes derived from the developmental switch. After 40 years of study of the ultrastructural changes undergone by the induced microsp ...
Activation of ryanodine receptors induces calcium influx in a
... of store-operated Ca2+ influx [5,6]. Previous studies have identified 401L cells as having an unusual phenotype with respect to responses to thapsigargin, the most potent inhibitor of the family of intracellular Ca2+ pump proteins known as the SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase ...
... of store-operated Ca2+ influx [5,6]. Previous studies have identified 401L cells as having an unusual phenotype with respect to responses to thapsigargin, the most potent inhibitor of the family of intracellular Ca2+ pump proteins known as the SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase ...
`Sarcomeres` of smooth muscle - Journal of Cell Science
... The ability of smooth muscle to shorten is the most important attribute that allows the tissue to carry out its physiological function, and any abnormal enhancement or diminution in the shortening capability invariably leads to dysfunction of the organ concerned. The sliding-filament, crossbridge me ...
... The ability of smooth muscle to shorten is the most important attribute that allows the tissue to carry out its physiological function, and any abnormal enhancement or diminution in the shortening capability invariably leads to dysfunction of the organ concerned. The sliding-filament, crossbridge me ...
Exceptional preservation of Miocene pollen: plasmolysis captured in
... central structures which are considered here to represent their fossilized cell content. Because during maceration the fossil material was treated with HF and ZnCl2 the structures should be of organic matter; as otherwise, they would be removed during maceration. Also their colour and light refracti ...
... central structures which are considered here to represent their fossilized cell content. Because during maceration the fossil material was treated with HF and ZnCl2 the structures should be of organic matter; as otherwise, they would be removed during maceration. Also their colour and light refracti ...
In Vitro Assays Demonstrate That Pollen Tube Organelles Use
... motor protein that is functionally, biochemically, and immunologically related to kinesin. This work provides clear evidence that the movement of pollen tube organelles is not just actin based; rather, they show a microtubule-based motion as well. This unexpected finding suggests new insights into t ...
... motor protein that is functionally, biochemically, and immunologically related to kinesin. This work provides clear evidence that the movement of pollen tube organelles is not just actin based; rather, they show a microtubule-based motion as well. This unexpected finding suggests new insights into t ...
Translocation of Structural P Proteins in the Phloem
... Figure 5. RT-PCR Gel Blot Analyses of Cucurbita PP1 and PP2 mRNAs from Intergeneric Grafts of Cucumis sativus Scions on Cucurbita maxima or Cucurbita ficifolia Stocks. RT-PCR products generated from total RNA with 59 and 39 primers that flank the protein coding sequences of genes encoding PP1 and PP ...
... Figure 5. RT-PCR Gel Blot Analyses of Cucurbita PP1 and PP2 mRNAs from Intergeneric Grafts of Cucumis sativus Scions on Cucurbita maxima or Cucurbita ficifolia Stocks. RT-PCR products generated from total RNA with 59 and 39 primers that flank the protein coding sequences of genes encoding PP1 and PP ...
Profilin association with monomeric actin in
... Fractionation of cell extracts About 10 g of amoebas from 1 liter log-phase cultures in Neff’s medium in shaken Fernbach flasks were washed with 50 mM KCl at 22°C, mixed with 10 ml of ice-cold extraction buffer and lysed with 18 strokes of a Dounce homogenizer. Separate 1.0 ml samples of the crude c ...
... Fractionation of cell extracts About 10 g of amoebas from 1 liter log-phase cultures in Neff’s medium in shaken Fernbach flasks were washed with 50 mM KCl at 22°C, mixed with 10 ml of ice-cold extraction buffer and lysed with 18 strokes of a Dounce homogenizer. Separate 1.0 ml samples of the crude c ...
Deep Insight Section Mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells
... According to this scenario, the mitochondria-ER contact site provides the growing phagophore with lipids. The plasma membrane, through Atg16L1 decorated vesicles derived from coated pits, is also a source of membrane for the phagophore (Ravikumar et al., 2010a). Finally, Golgi apparatus and post-Gol ...
... According to this scenario, the mitochondria-ER contact site provides the growing phagophore with lipids. The plasma membrane, through Atg16L1 decorated vesicles derived from coated pits, is also a source of membrane for the phagophore (Ravikumar et al., 2010a). Finally, Golgi apparatus and post-Gol ...
The Differential Degradation of Two Cytosolic Proteins As a Tool to
... 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 5 min after flushing the blood with PBS for 30 s. The liver was postfixed in the same mixture for 3 h. Hepatocytes were fixed in 2% glutaraldebyde for 1 h and embedded in 10% gelatin (l~ters et al., 1991). Sometimes cells were broken mechanically and incuba ...
... 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 5 min after flushing the blood with PBS for 30 s. The liver was postfixed in the same mixture for 3 h. Hepatocytes were fixed in 2% glutaraldebyde for 1 h and embedded in 10% gelatin (l~ters et al., 1991). Sometimes cells were broken mechanically and incuba ...
Soluble factors from human endometrium promote angiogenesis
... endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro To assess the effects of soluble factors derived from endometrium on endothelial cell biology, endometrium was collected from five women without endometriosis in each of the midproliferative (days 6 –10) and mid-secretory (days 16 – 21) phases ...
... endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro To assess the effects of soluble factors derived from endometrium on endothelial cell biology, endometrium was collected from five women without endometriosis in each of the midproliferative (days 6 –10) and mid-secretory (days 16 – 21) phases ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).