16-level differential phase shift keying (D16PSK)
... 4 are input to a pre-coder, which output the pre-coded signals [Pa (t), Pb (t), Pc (t), Pd (t)] also at a bit rate B4 . These pre-coded signals drive the modulators to generate a 16-level differential phase modulated optical signal at a symbol rate of B4 . As each symbol carries four bits, the signa ...
... 4 are input to a pre-coder, which output the pre-coded signals [Pa (t), Pb (t), Pc (t), Pd (t)] also at a bit rate B4 . These pre-coded signals drive the modulators to generate a 16-level differential phase modulated optical signal at a symbol rate of B4 . As each symbol carries four bits, the signa ...
Fiber optic devices and systems
... ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. II - Fiber optic devices and systems - P.L. Chu ...
... ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING – Vol. II - Fiber optic devices and systems - P.L. Chu ...
Biology 177: Principles of Modern Microscopy
... • Practically zero working distance and small depth of field. • Extremely long scan times for high resolution images or large specimen areas. ...
... • Practically zero working distance and small depth of field. • Extremely long scan times for high resolution images or large specimen areas. ...
Evaluation of the scintillation loss for optical
... link distance, the turbulence strength, the emitted wave, the wavelength, and the size of the receiving aperture. In the computed and displayed results, we restrict ourselves to the case 2P ⬍ 1, considering that a power scintillation index larger than one sets the communication link into a too low ...
... link distance, the turbulence strength, the emitted wave, the wavelength, and the size of the receiving aperture. In the computed and displayed results, we restrict ourselves to the case 2P ⬍ 1, considering that a power scintillation index larger than one sets the communication link into a too low ...
Scattering and Polarization Properties of the Scarab Beetle Cyphochilus insulanus cuticle
... of adopting the characteristics of larger ensembles. Optical crowding occurs when scattering zones come too close to each other, causing neighbour interaction [13]. To do the opposite, defining individual scattering centres in an amorphous network, is not possible [15]. Burresi et al. [15] have show ...
... of adopting the characteristics of larger ensembles. Optical crowding occurs when scattering zones come too close to each other, causing neighbour interaction [13]. To do the opposite, defining individual scattering centres in an amorphous network, is not possible [15]. Burresi et al. [15] have show ...
Ultra–large field-of-view two-photon microscopy
... of concerted study [3-5] and may be best examined in mice, where neurovascular function can be manipulated through both behavior and genetics [6, 7]. The brain-wide nature of these dynamics [8] implies the need for a microscope that can resolve micrometer-scale changes in vessel diameter across all ...
... of concerted study [3-5] and may be best examined in mice, where neurovascular function can be manipulated through both behavior and genetics [6, 7]. The brain-wide nature of these dynamics [8] implies the need for a microscope that can resolve micrometer-scale changes in vessel diameter across all ...
Femtosecond Laser Spectroscopy
... broad spectrum of wavelengths, so in the case of CARS, for example, if this beam was 2, all of the vibrational resonance lines satisfying 1 - 2 = vib would be present during the same pulse and an entire spectrum could be had in one pulse. However there are other cases where one is interested in ...
... broad spectrum of wavelengths, so in the case of CARS, for example, if this beam was 2, all of the vibrational resonance lines satisfying 1 - 2 = vib would be present during the same pulse and an entire spectrum could be had in one pulse. However there are other cases where one is interested in ...
polygonal mirror laser scanning heads: characteristic functions
... dimensional (2D) PM plus GS devices, where the PM produces fast scan lines that are precisely positioned by the GS (as an alternative to dual axis GSs) [18]; (iv) double prismatic PMs for generating short laser impulses; (v) double pyramidal PMs (a normal one inside a similar pyramidal cavity) for O ...
... dimensional (2D) PM plus GS devices, where the PM produces fast scan lines that are precisely positioned by the GS (as an alternative to dual axis GSs) [18]; (iv) double prismatic PMs for generating short laser impulses; (v) double pyramidal PMs (a normal one inside a similar pyramidal cavity) for O ...
Axial birefringence in high-numerical-aperture optical
... symmetry axis in the plane of incidence.17,18 In this twodimensional problem only p-polarized incident waves, which excite only the extraordinary wave in the uniaxial crystal, are considered. This stands in contrast to this paper, which deals with focusing with rotationally symmetric lenses, making ...
... symmetry axis in the plane of incidence.17,18 In this twodimensional problem only p-polarized incident waves, which excite only the extraordinary wave in the uniaxial crystal, are considered. This stands in contrast to this paper, which deals with focusing with rotationally symmetric lenses, making ...
laser spectroscopy
... The output beam from the laser is split into three beams, two less intense probe beams and a more intense pump beam, at the thick beamsplitter. The two probe beams pass through the rubidium cell from top to bottom, and they are separately detected by two photodiodes. The two photodiodes form a balan ...
... The output beam from the laser is split into three beams, two less intense probe beams and a more intense pump beam, at the thick beamsplitter. The two probe beams pass through the rubidium cell from top to bottom, and they are separately detected by two photodiodes. The two photodiodes form a balan ...
Spider Silk: The Mother Nature`s Biological Superlens
... microscopy methods have been introduced, with such techniques as the microsphere nanoscope [1] assisting in this field. The importance of real-time observations at the nanoscale enables advances within such fields like microbial biology and semiconductor observations. This paper examines the use of ...
... microscopy methods have been introduced, with such techniques as the microsphere nanoscope [1] assisting in this field. The importance of real-time observations at the nanoscale enables advances within such fields like microbial biology and semiconductor observations. This paper examines the use of ...
Self-calibrated Microwave Characterization of High
... signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [22]. The optical heterodyne method is based on wavelength beating of a single or two tunable lasers, nevertheless, the resultant broadened linewidth and fluctuated power requires careful calibration [21], especially when high-resolution characterization is involved. For ...
... signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [22]. The optical heterodyne method is based on wavelength beating of a single or two tunable lasers, nevertheless, the resultant broadened linewidth and fluctuated power requires careful calibration [21], especially when high-resolution characterization is involved. For ...
Green's function formulation for third-harmonic generation microscopy
... scanning microscopy generates innovative tools such as second-harmonic generation microscopy,1–3 coherent antiStokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy,4–6 and third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy7–12 for biology and materials science. THG microscopy was demonstrated by Barad et al. in 1997.7 ...
... scanning microscopy generates innovative tools such as second-harmonic generation microscopy,1–3 coherent antiStokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy,4–6 and third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy7–12 for biology and materials science. THG microscopy was demonstrated by Barad et al. in 1997.7 ...
V.90-3-James H. Cole, Clay Kirkendall, Anthony Dandridge, Gary
... Equation 9 is the plane strain approximation9, which ignores end effects. The plane strain approximation assumes that all layers of a composite, multi-layer fiber move together in a single plane when under stress. The plane strain approximation has been shown to be in good agreement with an exact ca ...
... Equation 9 is the plane strain approximation9, which ignores end effects. The plane strain approximation assumes that all layers of a composite, multi-layer fiber move together in a single plane when under stress. The plane strain approximation has been shown to be in good agreement with an exact ca ...
Model for estimating the penetration depth limit of
... made with a resolution of ~ 40 μ m at a depth of 2.5 mm inside biological tissue [3]. In principle, with perfect wavefront measurements, the TRUE technique could create an optical focus even tens of centimeters deep in the human body. However, there are two important constraints that fundamentally l ...
... made with a resolution of ~ 40 μ m at a depth of 2.5 mm inside biological tissue [3]. In principle, with perfect wavefront measurements, the TRUE technique could create an optical focus even tens of centimeters deep in the human body. However, there are two important constraints that fundamentally l ...
Optical study of lead borosilicate glasses
... a desirable electrical resistivity, and are considered as a basis for the manufacture of various coatings, semiconductor microelectronics, optical lenses, enamels, solder glasses, glass–ceramic cements, and as hard nuclear waste materials [9–12]. Therefore, the structure of silicate groups formed on ...
... a desirable electrical resistivity, and are considered as a basis for the manufacture of various coatings, semiconductor microelectronics, optical lenses, enamels, solder glasses, glass–ceramic cements, and as hard nuclear waste materials [9–12]. Therefore, the structure of silicate groups formed on ...
Revista Mexicana de Física . Simulation of Michelson and
... concentric circles and two blank ones. To observe the moiré effect, overlap both films with the circular patterns and slide one with respect to the other. Interesting and nice effects will be observed depending on the distance a between centers of the circles, as shown in Fig. 1. A family of hyperb ...
... concentric circles and two blank ones. To observe the moiré effect, overlap both films with the circular patterns and slide one with respect to the other. Interesting and nice effects will be observed depending on the distance a between centers of the circles, as shown in Fig. 1. A family of hyperb ...
Improving fluorescence detection in lab on chip devices
... detection platforms, fluorescence is the workhorse—the most inexpensive and the most widely used. Fluorescence detection has many advantages. It uses small, well-characterized and generally non-perturbative labels that are amenable to conventional linking chemistries and available in a wide range of ...
... detection platforms, fluorescence is the workhorse—the most inexpensive and the most widely used. Fluorescence detection has many advantages. It uses small, well-characterized and generally non-perturbative labels that are amenable to conventional linking chemistries and available in a wide range of ...
Total internal reflection photonic crystal prism
... The presence of an evanescent field is the signature of near-field optics. There are two main characteristics of these waves that distinguish them from propagating waves. The first is their intensity profile, which exponentially decays away from the source that created them. This means that they are ...
... The presence of an evanescent field is the signature of near-field optics. There are two main characteristics of these waves that distinguish them from propagating waves. The first is their intensity profile, which exponentially decays away from the source that created them. This means that they are ...
Modulating carrier and sideband coupling strengths in a standing
... measurements of the ion heating rate [8,9], and identifying and cooling molecular ions [10–12]. Off-resonant coupling to the carrier transition, either evident as motion-independent population transfer or an ac Stark shift, places a limit on the speed of the sideband interactions. Suppressing the ca ...
... measurements of the ion heating rate [8,9], and identifying and cooling molecular ions [10–12]. Off-resonant coupling to the carrier transition, either evident as motion-independent population transfer or an ac Stark shift, places a limit on the speed of the sideband interactions. Suppressing the ca ...
Physics of Laser-matter interaction at ultra
... focussed to an intensity of I ~ 10 16 W/cm2, Up is of the order of keV. Keldysh Parameter:Keldysh Parameter (compares the ionization energy with the ponderomotive energy5. It is defined as = IP / 2 Up where IP is the ionization potential and Up is the ponderomotive energy. For H-like ions, Kel ...
... focussed to an intensity of I ~ 10 16 W/cm2, Up is of the order of keV. Keldysh Parameter:Keldysh Parameter (compares the ionization energy with the ponderomotive energy5. It is defined as = IP / 2 Up where IP is the ionization potential and Up is the ponderomotive energy. For H-like ions, Kel ...
Intrinsic Transparent Conductors without Doping
... P63 =mmc structure [19] and Ba3 Nb5 O15 in the tetragonal P4=mbm structure [20]. In addition, using first principles thermodynamics based on DFT, we have computed their stability with respect to many possible competing phases, as described in the Supplemental Material, Sec. I [21]. Whereas these com ...
... P63 =mmc structure [19] and Ba3 Nb5 O15 in the tetragonal P4=mbm structure [20]. In addition, using first principles thermodynamics based on DFT, we have computed their stability with respect to many possible competing phases, as described in the Supplemental Material, Sec. I [21]. Whereas these com ...
Optical tweezers
Optical tweezers (originally called ""single-beam gradient force trap"") are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force (typically on the order of piconewtons), depending on the refractive index mismatch to physically hold and move microscopic dielectric objects similar to tweezers. Optical tweezers have been particularly successful in studying a variety of biological systems in recent years.