Sub-100 nm lithography using ultrashort wavelength of surface plasmons
... only excited on the hole array area. The exposure time in this experiment is only 10 s, corresponding to an exposure dose of 80 mJ/ cm2 at the mask. Surprisingly, this is comparable to a typical exposure dose used in conventional lithography with larger features. It implies a strong near-field inten ...
... only excited on the hole array area. The exposure time in this experiment is only 10 s, corresponding to an exposure dose of 80 mJ/ cm2 at the mask. Surprisingly, this is comparable to a typical exposure dose used in conventional lithography with larger features. It implies a strong near-field inten ...
Measurement of the Wavelength of Light
... In this work, the diffraction of a laser beam from a ruled grating was used to determine the wavelength of the laser light. The wavelength was determined from the diffraction angles for several orders of diffraction, and two methods were used to analyze the data. In Method A, Eq. 3 was used for each ...
... In this work, the diffraction of a laser beam from a ruled grating was used to determine the wavelength of the laser light. The wavelength was determined from the diffraction angles for several orders of diffraction, and two methods were used to analyze the data. In Method A, Eq. 3 was used for each ...
Electrostatic micromirrors for subaperturing in an
... 2. The lenslet array As background information, we first describe one traditional, non-electrostatic device used for wavefront sensing. The lenslet array is a collection of tiny lenses of diameter 1 mm or smaller. Each lenslet intercepts one sector of the incoming wavefront and projects a focused spo ...
... 2. The lenslet array As background information, we first describe one traditional, non-electrostatic device used for wavefront sensing. The lenslet array is a collection of tiny lenses of diameter 1 mm or smaller. Each lenslet intercepts one sector of the incoming wavefront and projects a focused spo ...
(full text)
... beam. A good image from the SEM requires that the cross sectional area of the beam is adjusted to be nearly circular, and good resolution requires a small spot size. The image resolution achieved by a SEM depends not only upon the beam diameter, but also on the precision of the electron beam scannin ...
... beam. A good image from the SEM requires that the cross sectional area of the beam is adjusted to be nearly circular, and good resolution requires a small spot size. The image resolution achieved by a SEM depends not only upon the beam diameter, but also on the precision of the electron beam scannin ...
Imaging and Non-imaging System Modeling in ASAP
... Physically, many different types of extended sources are used in illumination or non-imaging systems where we are not concerned about the phase relationship between the rays of a single point source or its neighbors of the extended source. We are typically interested in the incoherent addition of th ...
... Physically, many different types of extended sources are used in illumination or non-imaging systems where we are not concerned about the phase relationship between the rays of a single point source or its neighbors of the extended source. We are typically interested in the incoherent addition of th ...
Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction
... and antisymmetric modes, which are excited, respectively, by components of the incident field along ŝ and â axes. The angle between the incident polarization and the antenna symmetry axis is 45°. The schematic current distribution is represented by colors on the antenna (blue for symmetric and red f ...
... and antisymmetric modes, which are excited, respectively, by components of the incident field along ŝ and â axes. The angle between the incident polarization and the antenna symmetry axis is 45°. The schematic current distribution is represented by colors on the antenna (blue for symmetric and red f ...
Enhancement of coherent X-ray diffraction from nanocrystals by
... of the rocking curve, were instantly recognisable as resembling a plus-shaped crossed-slit diffraction pattern. Other views were found to show approximate three-fold symmetry. The three-fold patterns were not centered on the rocking curve and were found to become inverted on the opposite side of the ...
... of the rocking curve, were instantly recognisable as resembling a plus-shaped crossed-slit diffraction pattern. Other views were found to show approximate three-fold symmetry. The three-fold patterns were not centered on the rocking curve and were found to become inverted on the opposite side of the ...
Temperature Tuning Characteristics of Periodically Poled Lithium
... prepared in this way is referred to as PPLN. PPLN has advantages over standard lithium niobate due to absence of walkoff and it is less susceptible to photorefractive effects. An additional advantage of PPLN is its design flexibility afforded by QPM. The ability to engineer the domain-periodicity fo ...
... prepared in this way is referred to as PPLN. PPLN has advantages over standard lithium niobate due to absence of walkoff and it is less susceptible to photorefractive effects. An additional advantage of PPLN is its design flexibility afforded by QPM. The ability to engineer the domain-periodicity fo ...
Nonlinear optical properties of aromatic amino acids in the
... aiming at providing a new insight into the interpretation of the fluorescence origin [4]. The intrinsic fluorescence of aromatic amino acids has been explored in nonlinear cellular optical microscopy of cells, where three-photon sl = 800 nmd absorption is used to excite levels corresponding to wavel ...
... aiming at providing a new insight into the interpretation of the fluorescence origin [4]. The intrinsic fluorescence of aromatic amino acids has been explored in nonlinear cellular optical microscopy of cells, where three-photon sl = 800 nmd absorption is used to excite levels corresponding to wavel ...
Experimental realization of three-color entanglement at optical fiber
... NOPO2). For generating the multi-color entangled state satisfying different frequency requirements the wavelength difference between the signal and the idler optical beams produced by NOPOs is large usually. The large wavelength difference must result in a large walk-off effect between the two beams ...
... NOPO2). For generating the multi-color entangled state satisfying different frequency requirements the wavelength difference between the signal and the idler optical beams produced by NOPOs is large usually. The large wavelength difference must result in a large walk-off effect between the two beams ...
RIT - People - Rochester Institute of Technology
... consists of a plane wave propagating normally to the mask surface. This lack of angular spread in the illuminating radiation results in diffraction orders with the same absence. Diffraction orders below a certain NA can be collected completely, resulting in full modulation until a certain feature pi ...
... consists of a plane wave propagating normally to the mask surface. This lack of angular spread in the illuminating radiation results in diffraction orders with the same absence. Diffraction orders below a certain NA can be collected completely, resulting in full modulation until a certain feature pi ...
4 Lab 1: Scattering and Reflection of Polarized Light
... interference in all other directions. If the transparent material is ground into powder, then the directions of reflected and refracted waves from each grain become uncorrelated because of their random orientations, and we have what is called diffuse reflection. That is why powdered glass looks whit ...
... interference in all other directions. If the transparent material is ground into powder, then the directions of reflected and refracted waves from each grain become uncorrelated because of their random orientations, and we have what is called diffuse reflection. That is why powdered glass looks whit ...
Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
... of a table, with two bookends on one corner holding it vertical, as shown in figure 1. Light one of the candles and place it in front of the sheet. This is the “object” candle. Dim the lights. Look through the Plexiglas™ sheet to the place where the candle appears to be and place a second candle the ...
... of a table, with two bookends on one corner holding it vertical, as shown in figure 1. Light one of the candles and place it in front of the sheet. This is the “object” candle. Dim the lights. Look through the Plexiglas™ sheet to the place where the candle appears to be and place a second candle the ...
FINCH: Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Hologram
... although it shows promising prospects, is relatively slow since it is based on capturing tens of scene images from different view angles. Another method is called scanning holography (Poon & Korpel, 1979; Schilling et al., 1997; Poon, 2004; Rosen et al., 2006; Poon, 2007) in which a pattern of Fresn ...
... although it shows promising prospects, is relatively slow since it is based on capturing tens of scene images from different view angles. Another method is called scanning holography (Poon & Korpel, 1979; Schilling et al., 1997; Poon, 2004; Rosen et al., 2006; Poon, 2007) in which a pattern of Fresn ...
polarization 3
... Circularly Polarized Light When two mutual perpendicular coherent linear vibrations of same amplitude and period are superimposed with phase difference π/2, the resultant motion will be circular motion. These can easily be obtained by allowing a beam of monochromatic plane-polarized light to be no ...
... Circularly Polarized Light When two mutual perpendicular coherent linear vibrations of same amplitude and period are superimposed with phase difference π/2, the resultant motion will be circular motion. These can easily be obtained by allowing a beam of monochromatic plane-polarized light to be no ...
Iterative reconstruction algorithm for optoacoustic imaging
... The techniques used to transform the information contained in the optoacoustic signals into images depends on the complexity of the target structures. Single, static detectors are used for layered samples.4 –7 More complicated structures can be imaged by scanning a focused acoustic transducer toget ...
... The techniques used to transform the information contained in the optoacoustic signals into images depends on the complexity of the target structures. Single, static detectors are used for layered samples.4 –7 More complicated structures can be imaged by scanning a focused acoustic transducer toget ...
Introduction - NC State University
... loses energy • Anti-Stokes shift: phonon is destroyed; light gains energy ...
... loses energy • Anti-Stokes shift: phonon is destroyed; light gains energy ...
On the diffraction limit for lensless imaging
... on the wave theory of light [6]. The best known quantity shown in Table 1 is the radius AvMry of the central maximum (Airy disk). Because 84 % of the total flux is concentrated in the central disk, it is often assumed that the diffraction pattern consists of the Airy disk alone. Figure 3 shows at a ...
... on the wave theory of light [6]. The best known quantity shown in Table 1 is the radius AvMry of the central maximum (Airy disk). Because 84 % of the total flux is concentrated in the central disk, it is often assumed that the diffraction pattern consists of the Airy disk alone. Figure 3 shows at a ...
Four Aces of Refractive Surgery: Aberrations
... The OPD-Scan III (Nidek, Inc., Fremont, CA) machine has a wide measurement area of 9.5mm, which measures 2520 data points. It gives an overview summary, which provides refractive data, and incorporates corneal disease analysis software and data for cataract and refractive surgery. It gives informati ...
... The OPD-Scan III (Nidek, Inc., Fremont, CA) machine has a wide measurement area of 9.5mm, which measures 2520 data points. It gives an overview summary, which provides refractive data, and incorporates corneal disease analysis software and data for cataract and refractive surgery. It gives informati ...
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... measurement techniques for the inspection and monitoring of works of art, covering point-strain measurements using resistance-strain gauges and fibre-optic sensors, as well as full-field optical measurement approaches such as holography, electronic speckle pattern interferometry, photoelastic stress ...
... measurement techniques for the inspection and monitoring of works of art, covering point-strain measurements using resistance-strain gauges and fibre-optic sensors, as well as full-field optical measurement approaches such as holography, electronic speckle pattern interferometry, photoelastic stress ...
SPECTRAL REFLECTANCES OF LOG ENDS FOR CAMERA BASED ANNUAL Marjanen Kalle
... their own. These challenges are caused by the environment that is somewhat hostile towards any measurements. The humidity and rain and dust combined with the mechanical vibrations set limitations to hardware used. The change of the illumination during the day [3] combined with the mechanical vibrati ...
... their own. These challenges are caused by the environment that is somewhat hostile towards any measurements. The humidity and rain and dust combined with the mechanical vibrations set limitations to hardware used. The change of the illumination during the day [3] combined with the mechanical vibrati ...
Test - Wave Optics
... focus, P2 (Fig. 1.2-3). The distances traveled by the light from P to P2 along any of the paths are all equal, in ...
... focus, P2 (Fig. 1.2-3). The distances traveled by the light from P to P2 along any of the paths are all equal, in ...
Calibration of the amplification coefficient in
... even without stabilization, the relative uncertainty in wavelength is 0.0003%. This level of accuracy is fully sufficient for even the most demanding applications in surface topography measurement [3]. In interference microscopy, the common practice is to calibrate the amplification coefficient by m ...
... even without stabilization, the relative uncertainty in wavelength is 0.0003%. This level of accuracy is fully sufficient for even the most demanding applications in surface topography measurement [3]. In interference microscopy, the common practice is to calibrate the amplification coefficient by m ...
Light Measurement Handbook
... at every wavelength. Another approach is to use a narrow band filter to measure only within a small wavelength band. This is acceptable if the lamp has been fully characterized and the color temperature is carefully monitored. The difficulty with narrow band measurements, however, is that they only ...
... at every wavelength. Another approach is to use a narrow band filter to measure only within a small wavelength band. This is acceptable if the lamp has been fully characterized and the color temperature is carefully monitored. The difficulty with narrow band measurements, however, is that they only ...
Signal-to-Signal-to-Noise-Ratio of Full-Field Fourier
... Fourier transform of the scattered optical field emanating from the sample. To obtain axial imaging along the z-axis (Ascan), we use a swept source and record holograms for a set of wavenumbers spanning our sweep range. Collating the set of holograms we form a 3D-data cube, which is the 3D-Fourier t ...
... Fourier transform of the scattered optical field emanating from the sample. To obtain axial imaging along the z-axis (Ascan), we use a swept source and record holograms for a set of wavenumbers spanning our sweep range. Collating the set of holograms we form a 3D-data cube, which is the 3D-Fourier t ...
Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy.Optical and electron microscopy involve the diffraction, reflection, or refraction of electromagnetic radiation/electron beams interacting with the specimen, and the collection of the scattered radiation or another signal in order to create an image. This process may be carried out by wide-field irradiation of the sample (for example standard light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) or by scanning of a fine beam over the sample (for example confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Scanning probe microscopy involves the interaction of a scanning probe with the surface of the object of interest. The development of microscopy revolutionized biology and remains an essential technique in the life and physical sciences.