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full text pdf
full text pdf

... construction in other languages. These other languages, like English, have obligatory movement to the left which is a condition on a parasitic gap, as in wh- question sentences. But in Hindi-Urdu, questions do not require leftward movement, allowing the question word to stay in situ. In addition, th ...
Grammar progress test - St. John`s Community Primary School
Grammar progress test - St. John`s Community Primary School

... Tick one. I used the balloons, that I bought from town, to decorate the house. It is best for the flowers if we plant them in a shady place. The sea was cold and we wondered who would stay in the longest. That song has a great tune, great words and I like the singer’s voice. 1 mark ...
What Is a Clause?
What Is a Clause?

... In all but three of the following items, the two simple sentences can be combined into one compound sentence. If the sentences are close in thought, combine them, using a semicolon alone, or a comma with a coordinating conjunction: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. If the sentences are not close in t ...
Missing Objects in Persian
Missing Objects in Persian

... In (14a), the direct object the students precedes and binds the reciprocal anaphor to each other. However, as shown in (14b), the reciprocal anaphor cannot precede and bind the direct object.6 Now consider the sentences in (15). ...
Packet 8 Pronouns
Packet 8 Pronouns

... If you examine these sentences, you will notice that she and I are subjects of the first sentence, that her and me, in the second sentence, are objects of a preposition, and that his and my show possession in the third sentence. A pronoun may have one form when it is a subject, a different form when ...
Grammar and Composition Guide
Grammar and Composition Guide

... 3. Begin each of the supporting paragraphs with a transitional sentence which may include the paragraph's topic. The topic sentence is then developed with specific explanation and/or support. The use of quotations and specific incidents or facts from the work or works being discussed need to be incl ...
Syntactic Structure and Ambiguity of English
Syntactic Structure and Ambiguity of English

... be either accepted or generated by this class of machines is precisely the set of all context-free phrase structure languages. Earlier conjectures of Oettinger 15 regarding the role of pushdown stores in syntactic analysis are thus confirmed and, although other mechanisms have been suggested (Matthe ...
The Clause
The Clause

... B/c it is describing a verb (will go) & it has a subject & verb (It does rain) NOTICE: When an adverb clause begins a sentence, it is followed by a comma. ...
Carl Bache* Presentation of a pedagogical sentence analysis system
Carl Bache* Presentation of a pedagogical sentence analysis system

... In the transformational analysis of He left, He is first analysed as an NP, which strictly speaking it is not; then, at a lower level of analysis, it is marked as a PRO. In our analysis, we do not beat about the bush, but stick to the simple fact: He is a pronoun with subject function. In the transf ...
Exercise answers 2
Exercise answers 2

... The ambiguity can be found in more lies ahead. It can either mean that there are more untruths ahead (Meaning 1) or that there are more battles like the one over budget ahead (Meaning 2). Again, there is an ambiguity in the meaning of one word, lies as in the plural of the noun lie (Meaning 1) or th ...
Relative Clauses - eesl542dwinter2012
Relative Clauses - eesl542dwinter2012

... as frequently as who in spoken English. With other NPs, that or which can be used. Whose, which expresses possession, is used for all NPs but is preferred for those that are human. With the exception of that, all the relative pronouns can be used in restrictive or nonrestrictive relative clauses; th ...
The Complex Sentence
The Complex Sentence

... He informed us that he would sell the estate. (personal object precedes the that clause). Bob announced to us that he was going to get married next month. (to phrase is placed before the that clause) I wish that you should be present at the ceremony. Zero That Clauses In colloquial style the conjunc ...
Writing Style 3.05 Continuity in Presentation of Ideas
Writing Style 3.05 Continuity in Presentation of Ideas

... for a familiar term (e.g., monetarily felt scarcity for poverty), and you should scrupulously avoid using such jargon. Federal bureaucratic jargon has had the greatest publicity, but scientific jargon also grates on the reader, encumbers the communication of information, and wastes space. Pronouns. ...
Thoughts on Word and Sentence Segmentation in Thai
Thoughts on Word and Sentence Segmentation in Thai

... uninterruptablility of a word as one criterion for determining a Thai word. Its integrity in form and meaning makes it unlikely to be intervened or separated by any linguistic unit without changing its meaning, and its meaning is far from the combination of meanings from its parts. For example, for ...
1. the language of mathematics
1. the language of mathematics

... Next, some ideas regarding sentences are explored. Just as English sentences have verbs, so do mathematical sentences. In the mathematical sentence ‘ 3 + 4 = 7 ’, the verb is ‘ = ’. If you read the sentence as ‘three plus four is equal to seven’, then it’s easy to ‘hear’ the verb. Indeed, the equal ...
The Use of Sentence Adverbials in the Written Discourse of
The Use of Sentence Adverbials in the Written Discourse of

... illustrating is performed by a few different adverbials, for example being the most frequent among them. The least common types of sentence adverbials in the sample are those used to express an inference. ...
Locally Bound 3rd-Person Pronouns in Afrikaans
Locally Bound 3rd-Person Pronouns in Afrikaans

... substitute for an anaphor with verbs like haat, vermoor and byt, and an anaphor instead of a pronoun with verbs like misgis, gedra and verspreek is also quite dubious. This indicates that the distribution of anaphors and pronouns is related to lexical properties of predicates. This is unexpected fro ...
λP.[λQ. ∀x((P@x)→(Q@x))]@ λy.boxer(y)
λP.[λQ. ∀x((P@x)→(Q@x))]@ λy.boxer(y)

... • Quantifying noun phrases can clearly be used as functors. • But what about NPs like Vincent? If the semantic representation of Vincent is just the constant vincent, then we cannot do this. • Here is a bad answer: say that in such cases we apply the verb semantics to the noun phrase semantics. • No ...
pronoun
pronoun

... when the pronouns are direct or indirect objects of verbs. Megan asked her for a copy of the report. My friend gave him my e-mail address. The e-mail security presentation impressed Noberto and me. ...
Prepositions Review
Prepositions Review

... typical purpose clause translation, “She advised me in order that I might avoid…,” would not really make sense here.) Sometimes, an English translation of a jussive noun clause will have to depart significantly from the structure of the Latin if it is to make sense: Imperat rēgina nē quis fugientēs ...
Relative clausesRules File
Relative clausesRules File

... The second piece played by the orchestra was very well received. These are also examples of reduced subject relative clauses, but this time the word immediately following the noun which is being described is not an -ing type finite verb but a past participle; these are in bold. The difference here i ...
2014-2015 Grammar Tips
2014-2015 Grammar Tips

... 1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are followed by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, and So. The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave. The student explained her question, yet the instructor still didn't seem to understand. Yester ...
The Essential Handbook For Business Writing
The Essential Handbook For Business Writing

... The Usage section deals with frequently misused or confused terms. Proper usage is critical for producing clear and precise communication. Many of these problem areas are instantly recognizable, even for the seasoned writer. The Proposals and Reports section outlines the purpose and structure of the ...
Some Types of Russian and Polish Interrogative Sentences
Some Types of Russian and Polish Interrogative Sentences

... As we can see, the referent of the subject can be described with several properties - even in these cases where the subject is not realized as a separate lexical item. Therefore, we suggest that both variants of the sentence (3) can be treated as comprising subject defective sentences. In the case w ...
Swarthmore College Writing Center
Swarthmore College Writing Center

... Indefinite pronouns (e.g. anybody, everybody, none, etc.) CORRECT: Everybody needs to pick up after himself. Collective nouns (e.g. family, congregation, audience, etc.) CORRECT: My family is going on vacation. c. Know which subjects should be considered plural. Compound subjects joined with and, un ...
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Sloppy identity

In linguistics, Sloppy Identity is an interpretive issue involved in contexts like Verb Phrase Ellipsis where the identity of the pronoun in an elided VP (Verb Phrase) is not identical to the antecedent VP.For example, English allows VPs to be elided, as in example 1). The elided VP can be interpreted in at least two ways, namely as in (1a) or (1b) for this example.In (1a), the pronoun his refers to John in both the first and the second clause. This is done by assigning the same index to John and to both the “his” pronouns. This is called the “strict identity” reading because the elided VP is interpreted as being identical to the antecedent VP.In (1b), the pronoun his refers to John in the first clause, but the pronoun his in the second clause refers to Bob. This is done by assigning a different index to the pronoun his in the two clauses. In the first clause, pronoun his is co-indexed with John, in the second clause, pronoun his is co-indexed with Bob. This is called the “sloppy identity” reading because the elided VP is not interpreted as identical to the antecedent VP.1) John scratched his arm and Bob did too.This sentence can have a strict reading:1) a. Johni scratched hisi arm and Bobj [scratched hisi arm] too.Or a sloppy reading:1) b. Johni scratched hisi arm and Bobj [scratched hisj arm] too.
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