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Sentence meaning and compositionality
Sentence meaning and compositionality

... 1. Projection rules combine with syntactic rules to produce the meaning of a sentence these can be grouped together in signs or constructions ã Information is built up as we parse a sentence â Information is only added, never deleted â It must come from words or rules (or constructions) 2. Different ...
SATs-Survival-Year-6-Parents-Grammar-Pun[...]
SATs-Survival-Year-6-Parents-Grammar-Pun[...]

... Each section in this booklet refers to one of the areas (or domains) tested in the ‘English Grammar, Punctuation and Vocabulary’ or ‘Paper 1’ booklet. Read and discuss each section with your child and check their understanding of the terminology. At the end of each section, there are some SATs-style ...
Ch 14 - CSU, Chico
Ch 14 - CSU, Chico

... Jane has wanted to get a new car for some time now. Last night she finally bought one. It was bright, it was new, and it was expensive. Obviously one refers to a specific car, that is, not just to any car but to a specific car so the reason that one is being used is that the car is indefinite to the lis ...
view/Open[13801982] - S
view/Open[13801982] - S

... Here some of you might raise the follo wing question : if both sentences ( 1) and (1) derive from the same deep structu re, must any diffe rence in meaning ( if ever any, between them) come from the transformations involved? Needless to say, tra nsfor mation, in principle, does not change the meanin ...
Mining Semantic Structures from Syntactic
Mining Semantic Structures from Syntactic

... find matches in the PTs of the sentences in the text. The RESULT parts indicate how the MPs should be generated and to which node they should be assigned. We should add that PATTERNs are nested patterns and more expressive than regular expressions (or finite automata) [9]. This differentiates our wo ...
SOME NOTES ON ENGLISH AND SLOVAK PERSONAL
SOME NOTES ON ENGLISH AND SLOVAK PERSONAL

... hearer: VY is used to talk to both one and more persons. In contrast to Slovak, where personal pronouns have the same case system as nouns, English personal pronouns have case distinctions not found in nouns or in other pronouns (except WHO/ WHOM). There is an interesting tendency in Modern English ...
Kuwait University
Kuwait University

... An object may have energy not only because of its motion but also because of its position or shape. For example, when a watch spring is wound, it is storing energy. When this energy is released, it will do the work of moving the hands of the watch. This form of energy is called potential energy. Pot ...
Learning Punctuation Through Pattern Recognition
Learning Punctuation Through Pattern Recognition

... Without the clause beginning with whose, we do not know which patients require followup. The above discussion of essential and nonessential clauses could be applied to essential and nonessential phrases as well. Test for Subordinate Clause • It has at least one subject and one predicate. • It is int ...
english 10 - Mona Shores Blogs
english 10 - Mona Shores Blogs

... 7. A cloud of smoke appeared on the horizon, and the fire alarms sounded around the town. ...
Business English At Work, 3/e
Business English At Work, 3/e

... when the pronouns are direct or indirect objects of verbs. Megan asked her for a copy of the report. My friend gave him my e-mail address. The e-mail security presentation impressed Noberto and me. ...
Wh Constructions * 1. Introduction
Wh Constructions * 1. Introduction

... search for a thematic position, in Japanese the processing of an in-situ wh-phrase should initiate a search for a question particle. By showing slower reading times (TME) for verbs marked with the declarative complementizer –to than for verbs marked with the question marker –ka, they conclude that i ...
Grade 8 Language structure - sentence construction
Grade 8 Language structure - sentence construction

... almost exclusively. They need to think more consciously of VARIETY OF SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION. The teacher MUST teach what a “complex sentence” is before the learners can do this task. Each must be a correct COMPLEX sentence, with the main clause first and the subordinate clause second (i.e. a loose s ...
Reviewing Basic Sentence Patterns
Reviewing Basic Sentence Patterns

... The missing word in this sentence would be a (subject complement, direct object). ...
What is a pronoun?
What is a pronoun?

... possible in restrictive relative clauses, but that is preferred to which when the antecedents are non-personal indefinite pronouns like all, much, little, none, any, a few, or are impersonal nouns with superlative adjectives, ordinal numerals (including last, next, etc.), only very, no, all, much, l ...
Empty categories in the Hindi-Urdu binaa participle clause.
Empty categories in the Hindi-Urdu binaa participle clause.

... construction in other languages. These other languages, like English, have obligatory movement to the left which is a condition on a parasitic gap, as in wh- question sentences. But in Hindi-Urdu, questions do not require leftward movement, allowing the question word to stay in situ. In addition, th ...
A Grammar for Finnish Discourse Patterns
A Grammar for Finnish Discourse Patterns

... and specifiers. The two main rules that can be applied to lexical entries to form phrasal projections are the head-complement rule, which unifies the sign of the lexical head with the signs of its complements, and the head-specifier rule, which forms a saturated phrase by unifying the phrasal sign w ...
SOME NOTES ON ENGLISH AND SLOVAK PERSONAL PRONOUNS
SOME NOTES ON ENGLISH AND SLOVAK PERSONAL PRONOUNS

... pronouns corresponding to the Slovak V Y when used to show respect (distinguishing number as well); special pronouns of respect exist in Spanish and in other languages. Before the Modern English period, English lost the distinction of the singular and plural in the second per­ son pronoun. Nor is th ...
universidad de las americas, puebla
universidad de las americas, puebla

... sentence is correct, type “yes”; if it not correct, type “No”. 1. Therefore, there was a heavy snow storm, all the classes were canceled. 2. Although he could not attend. 3. We will have a picnic if it doesn’t rain. 4. Owing to my teacher helped me, I passed math. 5. In spite of the delay, we finish ...
Parallelism Rules
Parallelism Rules

... used with plural form of verbs. The police is coming towards us now. ☓ The police are coming towards us now. ✔ The scissor is very sharp. ☓ The scissors are very sharp. ✔ Shortcut Rule 5 : Add 'S' to the main word in compound noun to make it plural. Sister-in-Law, the plural form is Sisters-in-Law, ...
Syntax 319 Jurafsky D and Martin JH (2000) Speech and Language
Syntax 319 Jurafsky D and Martin JH (2000) Speech and Language

... The examples in (22)±(25) raise the question of why wh-dependencies can be arbitrarily long as in (22), but not as in (23)±(25). Work on this question led to the proposal that, contrary to appearances, all wh-dependencies are local. If all wh-movement is local, proceeding one clause at a time, then ...
pros sign 4-10
pros sign 4-10

... Phonologically, parentheticals are characterized by the so-called comma-intonation. Simplifying a quite complex and interesting discussion on this issue, such a typical prosodic pattern is mainly identified by means of pauses on the right and on the left of the supplement. I will briefly add a few w ...
Transitivity of a Chinese Verb-Result Compound and Affected
Transitivity of a Chinese Verb-Result Compound and Affected

... for NLP. Nevertheless, this verbal construction poses challenges to traditional linguistic theories of the syntax-semantics interface aimed at mapping the meaning of verbal constructions to their surface structure. This is because most generative frameworks hold that mappings between event meaning r ...
Optimality Theory and Human Sentence Processing: The
Optimality Theory and Human Sentence Processing: The

... the VP must have non-canonical word order. In English and Dutch, VPs do not normally begin with an NP in a nonembedded clause. The canonical word order in main clauses in these languages is SVO. Because, in (5), the first constituent following the conjunction is an NP, if the coordinate structure is ...
Optimality Theory and Human Sentence Processing: The Case of Coordination
Optimality Theory and Human Sentence Processing: The Case of Coordination

... the VP must have non-canonical word order. In English and Dutch, VPs do not normally begin with an NP in a nonembedded clause. The canonical word order in main clauses in these languages is SVO. Because, in (5), the first constituent following the conjunction is an NP, if the coordinate structure is ...
English relative clauses
English relative clauses

... who wasn't there. In many languages, relative clauses are introduced by a special class of pronouns called relative pronouns; in the previous example, who is a relative pronoun. In other languages, relative clauses may be marked in different ways: they may be introduced by a special class of conjunc ...
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Sloppy identity

In linguistics, Sloppy Identity is an interpretive issue involved in contexts like Verb Phrase Ellipsis where the identity of the pronoun in an elided VP (Verb Phrase) is not identical to the antecedent VP.For example, English allows VPs to be elided, as in example 1). The elided VP can be interpreted in at least two ways, namely as in (1a) or (1b) for this example.In (1a), the pronoun his refers to John in both the first and the second clause. This is done by assigning the same index to John and to both the “his” pronouns. This is called the “strict identity” reading because the elided VP is interpreted as being identical to the antecedent VP.In (1b), the pronoun his refers to John in the first clause, but the pronoun his in the second clause refers to Bob. This is done by assigning a different index to the pronoun his in the two clauses. In the first clause, pronoun his is co-indexed with John, in the second clause, pronoun his is co-indexed with Bob. This is called the “sloppy identity” reading because the elided VP is not interpreted as identical to the antecedent VP.1) John scratched his arm and Bob did too.This sentence can have a strict reading:1) a. Johni scratched hisi arm and Bobj [scratched hisi arm] too.Or a sloppy reading:1) b. Johni scratched hisi arm and Bobj [scratched hisj arm] too.
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