supplemental figures
... started being activated from trigger (neuron #157). (b) An example of neurons first inhibited at trigger, then activated after trigger (neuron #197). (c) An example of neurons started being activated before the trigger (neuron #233). The inset color bar in all panels beside x axis is thermograph of ...
... started being activated from trigger (neuron #157). (b) An example of neurons first inhibited at trigger, then activated after trigger (neuron #197). (c) An example of neurons started being activated before the trigger (neuron #233). The inset color bar in all panels beside x axis is thermograph of ...
reviews - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... detectors that respond best to those features that are present at the locations visited by observers while freeviewing images50,51. For instance, Zetzsche et al.50,52 showed using an eye-tracking device how the eyes preferentially fixate regions with multiple superimposed orientations such as corner ...
... detectors that respond best to those features that are present at the locations visited by observers while freeviewing images50,51. For instance, Zetzsche et al.50,52 showed using an eye-tracking device how the eyes preferentially fixate regions with multiple superimposed orientations such as corner ...
A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share
... all trials of dominant versus non-dominant cue presentation. As exit behavior is consistent across trials containing presentations of either cue, this approach allows us to use the nondominant response as a comparison for any modulation resulting from the animal's immediate behavior. Of 842 well-iso ...
... all trials of dominant versus non-dominant cue presentation. As exit behavior is consistent across trials containing presentations of either cue, this approach allows us to use the nondominant response as a comparison for any modulation resulting from the animal's immediate behavior. Of 842 well-iso ...
Full version (PDF file)
... receptors, 5-HT was reported to inhibit the neuronal excitability of the entorhinal cortex in the superficial layers by activating the TWIK-1 type of the two-pore domain K+ channels (Deng et al. 2007). It also has been demonstrated that 5-HT causes reversible reduction of rapidly activating A-type K ...
... receptors, 5-HT was reported to inhibit the neuronal excitability of the entorhinal cortex in the superficial layers by activating the TWIK-1 type of the two-pore domain K+ channels (Deng et al. 2007). It also has been demonstrated that 5-HT causes reversible reduction of rapidly activating A-type K ...
Evidence of Basal Temporo-occipital Cortex
... horizontal disparity was presented in a central region a stereofigure was perceived (‘Figure’) either in front or behind the surrounding field of dots (‘Background’). Uncorrelated stereograms were similar but instead of horizontally shifting a small region of the random dot field (‘Figure’), all dot ...
... horizontal disparity was presented in a central region a stereofigure was perceived (‘Figure’) either in front or behind the surrounding field of dots (‘Background’). Uncorrelated stereograms were similar but instead of horizontally shifting a small region of the random dot field (‘Figure’), all dot ...
Motor planning under unpredictable reward: modulations of
... schedule. Correct performance was rewarded in 75% of the trials. Monkeys were certain that they would be rewarded only in the trials immediately following withheld rewards. In these trials, the animals responded sooner and moved faster. Single-unit recordings from the dorsal striatum revealed modula ...
... schedule. Correct performance was rewarded in 75% of the trials. Monkeys were certain that they would be rewarded only in the trials immediately following withheld rewards. In these trials, the animals responded sooner and moved faster. Single-unit recordings from the dorsal striatum revealed modula ...
Sensory Systems - Zanichelli online per la scuola
... Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes: transmit vibrations of tympanic membrane to the oval window. The ossicles translate vibration of tympanic membrane to smaller movement but greater force at the smaller oval window. Movement of oval window is translated into pressure changes in the fluid-filled inner ...
... Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes: transmit vibrations of tympanic membrane to the oval window. The ossicles translate vibration of tympanic membrane to smaller movement but greater force at the smaller oval window. Movement of oval window is translated into pressure changes in the fluid-filled inner ...
Contributions of temporal-parietal junction to the human
... described in the prior report. A sixth left temporal ...
... described in the prior report. A sixth left temporal ...
Optic Glomeruli and Their Inputs inDrosophilaShare an
... patch recordings show that even though visual primitives are unreliably encoded by single lobula output neurons because of high synaptic noise, they are reliably encoded by the ensemble of outputs. At a glomerulus, local interneurons reliably code visual primitives, as do projection neurons conveyin ...
... patch recordings show that even though visual primitives are unreliably encoded by single lobula output neurons because of high synaptic noise, they are reliably encoded by the ensemble of outputs. At a glomerulus, local interneurons reliably code visual primitives, as do projection neurons conveyin ...
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila
... letters to nature model seems unlikely in both mice and Drosophila. We wanted to distinguish whether Drosophila projection neurons are speci®ed by virtue of their connection with ORNs (Fig. 1a) or are independently speci®ed (Fig. 1c). The MARCM (mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker) syste ...
... letters to nature model seems unlikely in both mice and Drosophila. We wanted to distinguish whether Drosophila projection neurons are speci®ed by virtue of their connection with ORNs (Fig. 1a) or are independently speci®ed (Fig. 1c). The MARCM (mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker) syste ...
Scents and Sensibility: A Molecular Logic of Olfactory Perception
... points and I scored two. He was the young Lew Alcindor, later known as Karim Abdul Jabar, who went on to be among the greatest basketball legends, and I became a neurobiologist. My decision to remain in New York and attend Columbia College revealed the provincial but endearing quality of my family. ...
... points and I scored two. He was the young Lew Alcindor, later known as Karim Abdul Jabar, who went on to be among the greatest basketball legends, and I became a neurobiologist. My decision to remain in New York and attend Columbia College revealed the provincial but endearing quality of my family. ...
The Impact of Prior Experience With Cross-Modal
... likelihood of behavioral responses. For example, while coincident presentation of a light and sound at a target location will enhance the likelihood of an animal approaching the target accurately (Stein, Meredith, Huneycutt, & McDade, 1989), simultaneous presentation of light and sound from differen ...
... likelihood of behavioral responses. For example, while coincident presentation of a light and sound at a target location will enhance the likelihood of an animal approaching the target accurately (Stein, Meredith, Huneycutt, & McDade, 1989), simultaneous presentation of light and sound from differen ...
Human frequency-following response: representation of pitch
... Evans, 1978; Moore, 1989). Energy may or may not be present at the fundamental frequency. In contrast, place or spectral pitch is associated with individual fre* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 (765) 494-3793; Fax: +1 (765) 494-0771. E-mail address: rkrish@purdue.edu (A. Krishnan). ...
... Evans, 1978; Moore, 1989). Energy may or may not be present at the fundamental frequency. In contrast, place or spectral pitch is associated with individual fre* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 (765) 494-3793; Fax: +1 (765) 494-0771. E-mail address: rkrish@purdue.edu (A. Krishnan). ...
Features of Neuronal Synchrony in Mouse Visual Cortex
... Off-line analysis was performed using LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX) and IDL (Research Systems, Boulder, CO). Oscillatory response modulation and synchronization were analyzed by computing and averaging auto- and cross-correlograms for all trials per condition and recording site with a b ...
... Off-line analysis was performed using LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX) and IDL (Research Systems, Boulder, CO). Oscillatory response modulation and synchronization were analyzed by computing and averaging auto- and cross-correlograms for all trials per condition and recording site with a b ...
Representation of Movement
... was inspired by studies of the optomotor response of beetles (Figure 1(b)). The Reichardt detector is best stimulated by spatial wavelengths four times the separation of the input channels, since this leads to a 90 phase difference between the intensity variations at the two inputs (spatial quadrat ...
... was inspired by studies of the optomotor response of beetles (Figure 1(b)). The Reichardt detector is best stimulated by spatial wavelengths four times the separation of the input channels, since this leads to a 90 phase difference between the intensity variations at the two inputs (spatial quadrat ...
Whisker sensory system – From receptor to decision
... stem can localize sound; it can be trained to lick when a sound is presented to its right, and to inhibit licking when a sound is presented to its left. Thus, the brain stem can transmit left/right differences in neuronal firing pattern to the centers that control licking. But the same decorticate an ...
... stem can localize sound; it can be trained to lick when a sound is presented to its right, and to inhibit licking when a sound is presented to its left. Thus, the brain stem can transmit left/right differences in neuronal firing pattern to the centers that control licking. But the same decorticate an ...
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... is compared to internal templates, consisting of harmonic series of fundamental frequencies (Terhardt, 1974). Pitch is then estimated from the fundamental frequency of the best matching template. This mechanism requires that harmonics of the sound produce clear peaks in the spatial pattern of BM vib ...
... is compared to internal templates, consisting of harmonic series of fundamental frequencies (Terhardt, 1974). Pitch is then estimated from the fundamental frequency of the best matching template. This mechanism requires that harmonics of the sound produce clear peaks in the spatial pattern of BM vib ...
Binocular vision, the optic chiasm, and their associations with
... hierarchically organized memory system in which time-based sequences of multimodal character are primarily stored locally. Hemispheric autonomy with respect to forelimb coordination is likely to facilitate the storing and recalling of multimodal information in forelimb maneuvers, thereby improving m ...
... hierarchically organized memory system in which time-based sequences of multimodal character are primarily stored locally. Hemispheric autonomy with respect to forelimb coordination is likely to facilitate the storing and recalling of multimodal information in forelimb maneuvers, thereby improving m ...
do simultaneously presented visual and auditory
... auditory and visual stimuli convey the same or different types of information? Does auditory or visual stimuli tend to attract more of our attention while, for example, watching TV, or attending a meeting or class? Could it be possible to process both auditory and visual information when those stimu ...
... auditory and visual stimuli convey the same or different types of information? Does auditory or visual stimuli tend to attract more of our attention while, for example, watching TV, or attending a meeting or class? Could it be possible to process both auditory and visual information when those stimu ...
PDF
... classified according to their responses to moving black stimuli, to spots of light and to changes in background illumination. 96 % of units were easily classifiable into one of three categories (Keating & Gaze, 1970; Chung, Gaze & Stirling, 1973). 'Sustained' units show little response to changes of ...
... classified according to their responses to moving black stimuli, to spots of light and to changes in background illumination. 96 % of units were easily classifiable into one of three categories (Keating & Gaze, 1970; Chung, Gaze & Stirling, 1973). 'Sustained' units show little response to changes of ...
Acquired Equivalence and Distinctiveness of Cues
... control rats to form a single group, the control group. As will be shown, separate analyses revealed that the patterns of statistical effects (during the stages in which these animals received identical treatment) remained the same when the results were not combined in this way. The 8 remaining rats ...
... control rats to form a single group, the control group. As will be shown, separate analyses revealed that the patterns of statistical effects (during the stages in which these animals received identical treatment) remained the same when the results were not combined in this way. The 8 remaining rats ...
Coding of Auditory-Stimulus Identity in the Auditory Non
... In contrast, in the ventral auditory pathway, the computational mechanisms that lead from the coding of the sensory features of an auditory stimulus to higher-order representations are relatively unknown. In particular, it is not known how (or even whether) information is transformed between areas o ...
... In contrast, in the ventral auditory pathway, the computational mechanisms that lead from the coding of the sensory features of an auditory stimulus to higher-order representations are relatively unknown. In particular, it is not known how (or even whether) information is transformed between areas o ...
The Olfactory Sensory Map in Drosophila
... not the environment per se that is mapped, but the various parts of the body, allowing an animal to determine with precision where it is being touched by a physical stimulus. The auditory system maps sound frequencies along a tonotopic axis in the cochlea and the auditory cortex, allowing sound to b ...
... not the environment per se that is mapped, but the various parts of the body, allowing an animal to determine with precision where it is being touched by a physical stimulus. The auditory system maps sound frequencies along a tonotopic axis in the cochlea and the auditory cortex, allowing sound to b ...
Imagery and Perception Share Cortical
... of 3 different object exemplars in 4 different categories (Fig. 1A). In the perception condition, the pictures (size 4.8) were presented for 4 s at a position either 6 left or right of fixation (Fig. 1B,C) in pseudorandom order. In the imagery condition, participants received auditory cues that in ...
... of 3 different object exemplars in 4 different categories (Fig. 1A). In the perception condition, the pictures (size 4.8) were presented for 4 s at a position either 6 left or right of fixation (Fig. 1B,C) in pseudorandom order. In the imagery condition, participants received auditory cues that in ...
Anatomical organization of the central olfactory
... implies the importance of chemosensation. Due to their well-developed sense of smell and easily accessible nervous system, moths have served as suitable model organisms for researchers exploring general principles underlying odor information processing. Like in other insects, moths perceive odorants ...
... implies the importance of chemosensation. Due to their well-developed sense of smell and easily accessible nervous system, moths have served as suitable model organisms for researchers exploring general principles underlying odor information processing. Like in other insects, moths perceive odorants ...