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The Avoidable Adverse Affects of Modern Urban Development on
The Avoidable Adverse Affects of Modern Urban Development on

... lack of root hairs, for example some gymosperms have no root hairs at all. In this case mycorrhizas will come into play. Unfortunately mycorrihzal fungi are not found in the majority of urban situations, due to soil compaction and lack of organic matter. On the other hand there are some species that ...
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... Temperate Forest and Grassland Climates Temperate forest and grassland climates get enough rain to cause a high level of chemical weathering, but not too much that nutrients are leached out. Arctic Climates In arctic climates, as in desert climates, chemical weathering occurs very slowly. Low temper ...
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transcript (62kb, RTF)

... four generations of nematodes may develop during a single cropping season. A single female can lay up to 20 eggs several times through the growing season. These generations can all occur within a root system so populations of nematodes can be low in soil and yet high in roots at the same time. The n ...
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... This means the brown earths can hold more water, which allows plants to soak up water and dissolved nutrients. Humification also affects the ph of the soil as the high humus content of brown eaths prevents them being too acidic or alkaline. The neutral or near neutral ph of brown earths means that i ...
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Tillage



Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Examples of human-powered tilling methods using hand tools include shovelling, picking, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. Examples of draft-animal-powered or mechanized work include ploughing (overturning with moldboards or chiseling with chisel shanks), rototilling, rolling with cultipackers or other rollers, harrowing, and cultivating with cultivator shanks (teeth). Small-scale gardening and farming, for household food production or small business production, tends to use the smaller-scale methods above, whereas medium- to large-scale farming tends to use the larger-scale methods. There is a fluid continuum, however. Any type of gardening or farming, but especially larger-scale commercial types, may also use low-till or no-till methods as well.Tillage is often classified into two types, primary and secondary. There is no strict boundary between them so much as a loose distinction between tillage that is deeper and more thorough (primary) and tillage that is shallower and sometimes more selective of location (secondary). Primary tillage such as ploughing tends to produce a rough surface finish, whereas secondary tillage tends to produce a smoother surface finish, such as that required to make a good seedbed for many crops. Harrowing and rototilling often combine primary and secondary tillage into one operation.""Tillage"" can also mean the land that is tilled. The word ""cultivation"" has several senses that overlap substantially with those of ""tillage"". In a general context, both can refer to agriculture. Within agriculture, both can refer to any of the kinds of soil agitation described above. Additionally, ""cultivation"" or ""cultivating"" may refer to an even narrower sense of shallow, selective secondary tillage of row crop fields that kills weeds while sparing the crop plants.
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