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... • Church and Turing independently showed that there is no general decision procedure to check the validity of formulas of the first order logic. ...
Full abstraction for PCF - Department of Computer Science, Oxford
Full abstraction for PCF - Department of Computer Science, Oxford

Elementary Evaluation of Convolution Sums
Elementary Evaluation of Convolution Sums

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PDF

MA152 - Academics
MA152 - Academics

21(4)
21(4)

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Analysis Notes (only a draft, and the first one!)

On Cantor`s First Uncountability Proof, Pick`s Theorem
On Cantor`s First Uncountability Proof, Pick`s Theorem

... We consider only the case a1 > a2 ; the proof in the case a2 > a1 is very similar. Since a1 > a2 , we get that (bn ) is a strictly decreasing sequence, while (cn ) is strictly increasing. Moreover, every cn is less than every bm . Furthermore, note that if bn = ak and bn+1 = a` , then k < `; a simil ...
LPF and MPLω — A Logical Comparison of VDM SL and COLD-K
LPF and MPLω — A Logical Comparison of VDM SL and COLD-K

Exponential Sums and Diophantine Problems
Exponential Sums and Diophantine Problems

... and minor “arcs,” with the major arcs consisting of points that are well-approximated by a rational number with small denominator. We should remark that the term “arcs” persists as a result of Hardy and Littlewood’s original approach to the problem, in which they used Cauchy’s integral formula to re ...
17(2)
17(2)

Primitive sets with large counting functions
Primitive sets with large counting functions

Specifying and Verifying Fault-Tolerant Systems
Specifying and Verifying Fault-Tolerant Systems

Lecture Notes - Alistair Savage
Lecture Notes - Alistair Savage

? A Unified Semantic Framework for Fully
? A Unified Semantic Framework for Fully

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Intuitionistic completeness part I

... Intuitionistic first-order logic, iFOL The BHK semantics for iFOL is the intended semantics, faithful to the intuitionistic conception of knowledge. In contrast to the classical situation, there has been no intuitionistic completeness proof with respect to the intended semantics. To explain this con ...
Name: Math 2412 Activity 3(Due by Apr. 4) Graph the following
Name: Math 2412 Activity 3(Due by Apr. 4) Graph the following

... 116. A sequence an  is given recursively by an1  2an  n2 . If a4  23 , then what’s a1 ? 117. Find x so that x  3,2x  1,5x  2 are consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence. 118. Find x so that 2x,3x  2,5x  3 are consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence. 119. How many terms must be add ...
Logical Methods in Computer Science Vol. 8(4:19)2012, pp. 1–28 Submitted Oct. 27, 2011
Logical Methods in Computer Science Vol. 8(4:19)2012, pp. 1–28 Submitted Oct. 27, 2011

Refinement Modal Logic
Refinement Modal Logic

... the agent’s accessibility relation. In [55] the future event logic is introduced. It augments the multi-agent logic of knowledge with an operation ∀ϕ that stands for “ϕ holds after all informative events” — the diamond version ∃ϕ stands for “there is an informative event after which ϕ.” The proposal ...
Introduction to mathematical reasoning Chris Woodward Rutgers
Introduction to mathematical reasoning Chris Woodward Rutgers

... 17.3. Real numbers as equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences 17.4. Existence of suprema and infima 17.5. Base representations of real numbers 17.6. Cantor’s uncountability argument References ...
Theory of L-functions - Institut für Mathematik
Theory of L-functions - Institut für Mathematik

... number theory) correspond one-to-one to product identities of Dirichlet series. This leads via (formal) differentiation to new identities for arithmetic functions from old ones. Furthermore, in many cases one can exhibit number theoretical information from identities for the associated Dirichlet ser ...
Lecture 15 - Mathematics
Lecture 15 - Mathematics

... Let S be a set of k-tuples (s1 , s2 , . . . , sk ) of objects in which: the rst object s1 comes from a set of size n1 for each choice of s1 there are n2 choices for object s2 for each choice of s2 there are n3 choices for object s3 for each choice of s3 there are n4 choices for object s4 and, in ge ...
Symbmath - Computer Algebra System for Symbolic Computation
Symbmath - Computer Algebra System for Symbolic Computation

... and graphic computation. It manipulates complicated formulas and returns answers in terms of symbols, formulas, exact numbers, tables and graph. SymbMath is an expert system that is able to learn from user's input. If the user only input one formula without writing any code, it will automatically le ...
Discovering Exactly when a Rational is a Best
Discovering Exactly when a Rational is a Best

Algebraic Problems and Exercises for High School (Sets, sets
Algebraic Problems and Exercises for High School (Sets, sets

< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 132 >

Non-standard calculus

In mathematics, non-standard calculus is the modern application of infinitesimals, in the sense of non-standard analysis, to differential and integral calculus. It provides a rigorous justification for some arguments in calculus that were previously considered merely heuristic.Calculations with infinitesimals were widely used before Karl Weierstrass sought to replace them with the (ε, δ)-definition of limit starting in the 1870s. (See history of calculus.) For almost one hundred years thereafter, mathematicians like Richard Courant viewed infinitesimals as being naive and vague or meaningless.Contrary to such views, Abraham Robinson showed in 1960 that infinitesimals are precise, clear, and meaningful, building upon work by Edwin Hewitt and Jerzy Łoś. According to Jerome Keisler, ""Robinson solved a three hundred year old problem by giving a precise treatment of infinitesimals. Robinson's achievement will probably rank as one of the major mathematical advances of the twentieth century.""
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