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A Course in Modal Logic - Sun Yat
A Course in Modal Logic - Sun Yat

q Vic Reiner Univ. of Minnesota
q Vic Reiner Univ. of Minnesota

Limits of Functions
Limits of Functions

... as x approaches infinity is 1" x Because f(x) is defined for negative as well as positive numbers, we can also talk about “the limit of f(x) as x approaches negative infinity.” x 1 lim ...
Elementary Real Analysis - ClassicalRealAnalysis.info
Elementary Real Analysis - ClassicalRealAnalysis.info

... 4. To develop many of the topics that the authors feel all students of mathematics should know. There are now many texts that address some or all of these objectives. These books range from ones that do little more than address objective (1) to ones that try to address all four objectives. The books ...
Book of Proof
Book of Proof

... draft on my web page. Cory also created the index, suggested some of the more interesting exercises, and wrote many of the solutions. Thanks also to Micol Hammack for proofreading the entire text, and to Andy Lewis for suggesting many improvements while teaching from the text in Fall 2008 and Fall 2 ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
Sample pages 2 PDF

... 1. One of the oldest mathematical problems concerns perfect numbers. A positive integer N is called perfect, if it equals the sum of its proper divisors, i.e., the equality σ (N) = 2N holds1 . It had been noted already by Euclid that if the numbers 2p − 1 and p are both prime, then 2p−1 (2p − 1) is ...
Simultaneous Approximation and Algebraic Independence
Simultaneous Approximation and Algebraic Independence

solutions to all exercises
solutions to all exercises

Floating point numbers in Scilab
Floating point numbers in Scilab

... In the previous definition, we state that a floating point number is a real numer x ∈ R for which there exists at least one representation (M, e) such that the equation 3 holds. By at least, we mean that it might happen that the real number x is either too large or too small. In this case, no couple ...
20(2)
20(2)

... university teachers and students,, These articles should be lively and well motivated, with innovative ideas that develop enthusiasm for number sequences or the exploration of number facts. Articles should be submitted in the format of the current issues of the Quarterly. They should be typewritten ...
How to Write a 21st Century Proof
How to Write a 21st Century Proof

Termination of Higher-order Rewrite Systems
Termination of Higher-order Rewrite Systems

2007 Exam
2007 Exam

... 31. Let C be a semi-circle centered at the origin O and diameter AB  4 cm. Let P be a point in the second quadrant on C . The arc AP , for which the area of OPB is 3 cm 2 , has length (in cm) ...
MathStudio Manual
MathStudio Manual

... Caps(string, index, [mode]) Tests for uppercase and lowercase letters in strings. The mode parameter can be set to upper or lower. Caps(Abc,1) ...
Solutions
Solutions

Chu Spaces - Stanford University
Chu Spaces - Stanford University

Notes on the ACL2 Logic
Notes on the ACL2 Logic

... symmetry axiom tells us that view computation as moving forward in time or backward. It just doesn’t make a difference. As an aside, it turns out that in physics, that we can’t reverse time and so this symmetry we have with computation is not a symmetry we have in out universe. One reason why we can ...
Bridge to Abstract Mathematics: Mathematical Proof and
Bridge to Abstract Mathematics: Mathematical Proof and

... countably infinite collections of sets. The main emphasis here is on standard approaches to proving set inclusion (e.g., the "choose" method) and set equality (e.g., mutual inclusion), but we manage also, through the many solved examples, to anticipate additional techniques of proof that are studied ...
p-adic Continued Fractions
p-adic Continued Fractions

Nearest piecewise linear approximation of fuzzy numbers
Nearest piecewise linear approximation of fuzzy numbers

... As a matter of fact, piecewise linear fuzzy quantities were studied much earlier by a few researchers. For example, Baekeland and Kerre [8] investigated the mathematical properties of piecewise linear fuzzy quantities, later implemented in expert systems and in fuzzy database systems [31]. Piecewis ...
Complete Notes
Complete Notes

The Deduction Rule and Linear and Near
The Deduction Rule and Linear and Near

Incompleteness
Incompleteness

Fuzzy economic order quantity model with ranking fuzzy number
Fuzzy economic order quantity model with ranking fuzzy number

Prime Implicates and Prime Implicants: From Propositional to Modal
Prime Implicates and Prime Implicants: From Propositional to Modal

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Non-standard calculus

In mathematics, non-standard calculus is the modern application of infinitesimals, in the sense of non-standard analysis, to differential and integral calculus. It provides a rigorous justification for some arguments in calculus that were previously considered merely heuristic.Calculations with infinitesimals were widely used before Karl Weierstrass sought to replace them with the (ε, δ)-definition of limit starting in the 1870s. (See history of calculus.) For almost one hundred years thereafter, mathematicians like Richard Courant viewed infinitesimals as being naive and vague or meaningless.Contrary to such views, Abraham Robinson showed in 1960 that infinitesimals are precise, clear, and meaningful, building upon work by Edwin Hewitt and Jerzy Łoś. According to Jerome Keisler, ""Robinson solved a three hundred year old problem by giving a precise treatment of infinitesimals. Robinson's achievement will probably rank as one of the major mathematical advances of the twentieth century.""
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