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Complete Sequent Calculi for Induction and Infinite Descent
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... Any LKID proof can be transformed into a CLKIDω proof. (Proof: We show how to derive any induction rule in CLKIDω .) ...
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... Let x = lim sup xn and y = lim yn . We first assume that x is a real number and use Proposition 2.8(a) to verify that lim sup(xn + yn ) = x + y. Let ε > 0 be given. Since x = lim sup xn there is an N1 ∈ N such that xn ≤ x + ε/2 for all n ≥ N1 . Since yn → y, there is N2 ∈ N such that y − ε/2 < yn < ...
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... twists of a particular integral weight newform f . Before stating his results we need to introduce one more bit of notation. If f is a newform of weight 2k and if χ is a Dirichlet character, then fχ is an eigenform for all of the Hecke operators. Hence, by the theory of newforms developed in [1] and ...
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Non-standard calculus

In mathematics, non-standard calculus is the modern application of infinitesimals, in the sense of non-standard analysis, to differential and integral calculus. It provides a rigorous justification for some arguments in calculus that were previously considered merely heuristic.Calculations with infinitesimals were widely used before Karl Weierstrass sought to replace them with the (ε, δ)-definition of limit starting in the 1870s. (See history of calculus.) For almost one hundred years thereafter, mathematicians like Richard Courant viewed infinitesimals as being naive and vague or meaningless.Contrary to such views, Abraham Robinson showed in 1960 that infinitesimals are precise, clear, and meaningful, building upon work by Edwin Hewitt and Jerzy Łoś. According to Jerome Keisler, ""Robinson solved a three hundred year old problem by giving a precise treatment of infinitesimals. Robinson's achievement will probably rank as one of the major mathematical advances of the twentieth century.""
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