handout
... Phase III: inflammatory reaction & tissue injury at the site of deposition, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, arthritis “innocent bystander” (or by “friendly fire”) tissue injury Antibody has no specificity to glomerular components !!! Factors influencing glomerular localization of antigen, antibody ...
... Phase III: inflammatory reaction & tissue injury at the site of deposition, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, arthritis “innocent bystander” (or by “friendly fire”) tissue injury Antibody has no specificity to glomerular components !!! Factors influencing glomerular localization of antigen, antibody ...
ATPase isoforms in human kidney - AJP
... role in stabilization, maturation, and targeting of the enzyme to the plasma membrane and perhaps in K countertransport (12, 14, 24, 25, 33). Several additional isoforms of the ␣-subunit of the H⫹-K⫹-ATPase have been described: HK␣2a was cloned from rat colon (8, 9) and truncated versions, HK␣2b and ...
... role in stabilization, maturation, and targeting of the enzyme to the plasma membrane and perhaps in K countertransport (12, 14, 24, 25, 33). Several additional isoforms of the ␣-subunit of the H⫹-K⫹-ATPase have been described: HK␣2a was cloned from rat colon (8, 9) and truncated versions, HK␣2b and ...
Immune responses to human papilloma viruses
... that generates both lethal effector responses of exquisite specificity for, and long lived-cells with, memory for the insult. Thus, the adaptive responses of antibody mediated humoral immunity clear free virus particles from body fluids and can prevent re-infection by virus, those of cell mediated i ...
... that generates both lethal effector responses of exquisite specificity for, and long lived-cells with, memory for the insult. Thus, the adaptive responses of antibody mediated humoral immunity clear free virus particles from body fluids and can prevent re-infection by virus, those of cell mediated i ...
Hypothesis: Hypoxia induces de novo synthesis of NeuGc
... proteins from the SCL-family were detected, of which four were up-regulated [32]. One of them was the GM3 synthase (ST3GAL5/SLC35E1) responsible for catalyzing the covalent addition of sialic acid to lactosylceramide to generate the GM3 ganglioside. We found, using SILAC, that GM3 synthase was up-re ...
... proteins from the SCL-family were detected, of which four were up-regulated [32]. One of them was the GM3 synthase (ST3GAL5/SLC35E1) responsible for catalyzing the covalent addition of sialic acid to lactosylceramide to generate the GM3 ganglioside. We found, using SILAC, that GM3 synthase was up-re ...
the cd40 receptor - Immunotechnology
... tissues that acts in concert to protect us against different pathogens. It is composed of the evolutionary ancient innate compartment and the more complex adaptive compartment, where the latter is restricted to vertebrates. Together with the nerve system, the immune system is the major adaptive syst ...
... tissues that acts in concert to protect us against different pathogens. It is composed of the evolutionary ancient innate compartment and the more complex adaptive compartment, where the latter is restricted to vertebrates. Together with the nerve system, the immune system is the major adaptive syst ...
F1-ATPase`
... of plant mitochondria is quite different. In comparison to the amount of information that has been accumulated in animal systems, very little is actually known about the characteristics of plant mitochondrial F1-ATPase. This is in large part due to the difficulties involved in isolating large quanti ...
... of plant mitochondria is quite different. In comparison to the amount of information that has been accumulated in animal systems, very little is actually known about the characteristics of plant mitochondrial F1-ATPase. This is in large part due to the difficulties involved in isolating large quanti ...
Full-Text PDF
... Recently, it has been described that the differences in affinity of antibody and antigen interactions are discriminated by FcR and promote different molecular signals resulting in distinct immunological responses [14]. The presence of autoantibodies in other inflammatory processes (e.g., anti-dsDNA ...
... Recently, it has been described that the differences in affinity of antibody and antigen interactions are discriminated by FcR and promote different molecular signals resulting in distinct immunological responses [14]. The presence of autoantibodies in other inflammatory processes (e.g., anti-dsDNA ...
The coupling modification of gABA Flyer (, 0.15 kB)
... gABA（Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid）is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of central nervous system in mammal, which mainly reduces the excitability of neurons. Besides the ability of directly adjusting the muscle tensity, gABA also has other functions, for instance, people will feel anxious and tired wh ...
... gABA（Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid）is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of central nervous system in mammal, which mainly reduces the excitability of neurons. Besides the ability of directly adjusting the muscle tensity, gABA also has other functions, for instance, people will feel anxious and tired wh ...
A human SARS-CoV neutralizing antibody against epitope on S2
... Preparation of Luc/SARS S pseudovirus. The Luc/SARS S pseudovirus system was prepared based on the method described in [26]. Briefly, mammalian cell 293T was cotransfected by using three vectors that are mammalian expression vector pMT 21-S coding SARS-CoV S protein, pCMVR 8.2 coding for MuLV Gag and ...
... Preparation of Luc/SARS S pseudovirus. The Luc/SARS S pseudovirus system was prepared based on the method described in [26]. Briefly, mammalian cell 293T was cotransfected by using three vectors that are mammalian expression vector pMT 21-S coding SARS-CoV S protein, pCMVR 8.2 coding for MuLV Gag and ...
Fc receptors: Cell activators of antibody functions
... there is increased susceptibility to microbial infections [4]. Although, IgG antibodies are essential for controlling infections, these molecules do not directly damage the microorganisms they recognize. Today, it is established that leukocytes of the innate immune system are responsible for the pro ...
... there is increased susceptibility to microbial infections [4]. Although, IgG antibodies are essential for controlling infections, these molecules do not directly damage the microorganisms they recognize. Today, it is established that leukocytes of the innate immune system are responsible for the pro ...
Staphylococcus aureus infection induces protein A–mediated
... binding both the Fc of IgG antibodies (preventing opsonophagocytosis) and the Fab of Variable Heavy 3 (VH3) idiotype antibodies (via a superantigen domain that binds to the complementary determining region 2 [CDR2] and Framework 1 and 3 [FRM1 and FRM3]; Björk et al., 1972; Potter et al., 1996; Grail ...
... binding both the Fc of IgG antibodies (preventing opsonophagocytosis) and the Fab of Variable Heavy 3 (VH3) idiotype antibodies (via a superantigen domain that binds to the complementary determining region 2 [CDR2] and Framework 1 and 3 [FRM1 and FRM3]; Björk et al., 1972; Potter et al., 1996; Grail ...
Chapter 17: Immunization and Immune Testing
... – Vaccine types – Attenuated (live) vaccines – Contain active pathogens with reduced virulence – stimulate a strong immune response due to the large number of antigen molecules – Can result in mild infections but no serious disease ...
... – Vaccine types – Attenuated (live) vaccines – Contain active pathogens with reduced virulence – stimulate a strong immune response due to the large number of antigen molecules – Can result in mild infections but no serious disease ...
Single-Dose Studies
... 2) PCSK9 → “The Bad Guy” – An enzyme that binds to hepatic LDL receptors – 1) accelerates their degradation – 2) DECREASES LDL cholesterol intake into liver cells (liver cannot bind and remove LDL cholesterol) – 3) INCREASES LDL cholesterol levels ...
... 2) PCSK9 → “The Bad Guy” – An enzyme that binds to hepatic LDL receptors – 1) accelerates their degradation – 2) DECREASES LDL cholesterol intake into liver cells (liver cannot bind and remove LDL cholesterol) – 3) INCREASES LDL cholesterol levels ...
immune system
... self from non-self. In rheumatoid arthritis, for example, immune cells attack cells in the patient’s own joints, causing pain and inflammation. Allergies are caused by overreactions to foreign proteins known as allergens. For example, in hay fever, the immune system reacts to wind-blown pollens fr ...
... self from non-self. In rheumatoid arthritis, for example, immune cells attack cells in the patient’s own joints, causing pain and inflammation. Allergies are caused by overreactions to foreign proteins known as allergens. For example, in hay fever, the immune system reacts to wind-blown pollens fr ...
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY XV. ULTRASZl~IlcroRAL
... observed in the medulla. Much antigen eluded these cells and apparently percolated between them. As ceils of phagocytic character formed a layer of only one or at most two cells' thickness, such antigen soon reached the underlying lymphocytes. Antigen permeation into the cortex was intense only over ...
... observed in the medulla. Much antigen eluded these cells and apparently percolated between them. As ceils of phagocytic character formed a layer of only one or at most two cells' thickness, such antigen soon reached the underlying lymphocytes. Antigen permeation into the cortex was intense only over ...
Trade-offs in antibody repertoires to complex antigens
... mutations [1,2], hepatitis B virus produces decoy particles to redirect the antibody (Ab) response [3], and malaria rapidly cycles surface proteins during an infection [4–8]. The ways in which pathogens compromise the development of effective Ab responses shape the course of infection, epidemiologic ...
... mutations [1,2], hepatitis B virus produces decoy particles to redirect the antibody (Ab) response [3], and malaria rapidly cycles surface proteins during an infection [4–8]. The ways in which pathogens compromise the development of effective Ab responses shape the course of infection, epidemiologic ...
Notes to the Health Insurance (Pathology Services Table)
... Volume 1 contains Rr. 1–5 and Schedule 1 (Part 1 (item 1A), Part 2 (items 1–24) and Part 3), Volume 2 contains Schedule 1 (Parts 4 and 5) and the Notes Each volume has its own Table of Contents Prepared by the Office of Legislative Drafting, Attorney-General’s Department, Canberra ...
... Volume 1 contains Rr. 1–5 and Schedule 1 (Part 1 (item 1A), Part 2 (items 1–24) and Part 3), Volume 2 contains Schedule 1 (Parts 4 and 5) and the Notes Each volume has its own Table of Contents Prepared by the Office of Legislative Drafting, Attorney-General’s Department, Canberra ...
immune system
... self from non-self. In rheumatoid arthritis, for example, immune cells attack cells in the patient’s own joints, causing pain and inflammation. Allergies are caused by overreactions to foreign proteins known as allergens. For example, in hay fever, the immune system reacts to wind-blown pollens fr ...
... self from non-self. In rheumatoid arthritis, for example, immune cells attack cells in the patient’s own joints, causing pain and inflammation. Allergies are caused by overreactions to foreign proteins known as allergens. For example, in hay fever, the immune system reacts to wind-blown pollens fr ...
... ABSTRACT: The aetiology of sarcoidosis is still unknown. An infectious microorganism as causal agent for this disease could not be identified, but high titres of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi were detected in Chinese studies implying a causality with this disease. These findings, however, ...
Mycoplasma synoviae Infection in Chickens
... shown within 1 min by serum plate method with positive serum having agglutination value more than 20 times. The agglutinability was more 01· less higher than that of the standal'd antigen of USDA, given to the author by comtesy. In case of whole blood test, positive reaction was observed within 1 mi ...
... shown within 1 min by serum plate method with positive serum having agglutination value more than 20 times. The agglutinability was more 01· less higher than that of the standal'd antigen of USDA, given to the author by comtesy. In case of whole blood test, positive reaction was observed within 1 mi ...
Humoral Immune Responses to Epstein-Barr virus encoded Tumor Associated Proteins and
... regional EBV carriers from the same region were virtually devoid of any antibody response to these EBV tumor-associated antigens, except for IgG to EBNA1. ELISA using synthetic peptides derived from different intracellular and putative extracellular domains of LMP1, LMP2A and BARF1 also yielded low ...
... regional EBV carriers from the same region were virtually devoid of any antibody response to these EBV tumor-associated antigens, except for IgG to EBNA1. ELISA using synthetic peptides derived from different intracellular and putative extracellular domains of LMP1, LMP2A and BARF1 also yielded low ...
Large-scale Purification of Membranes from Torpedo Presynaptic
... can be stored for several weeks. PSPM were prepared from 500-550 g frozen electric organ. The tissue was allowed to thaw in 2 liters ofa hypoosmotic solution (1 mM EDTA in l0 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.0) at room temperature. All following steps were performed in a cold room (about 8"C). Tissue pieces wer ...
... can be stored for several weeks. PSPM were prepared from 500-550 g frozen electric organ. The tissue was allowed to thaw in 2 liters ofa hypoosmotic solution (1 mM EDTA in l0 mM Tris buffer, pH 8.0) at room temperature. All following steps were performed in a cold room (about 8"C). Tissue pieces wer ...
Induction of immune responses in sheep by vaccination with
... sheep. However, such a vaccine is not suitable for humans because of the risk of potential reactivation. Thus, there is a need to develop a modern non-living vaccine with a long shelf life that is effective in farm animals and humans. Such a vaccine should provide, in a single treatment, lifelong pr ...
... sheep. However, such a vaccine is not suitable for humans because of the risk of potential reactivation. Thus, there is a need to develop a modern non-living vaccine with a long shelf life that is effective in farm animals and humans. Such a vaccine should provide, in a single treatment, lifelong pr ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology,
... The immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule can be found both as membrane bound on Bcells and in a secreted form that is produced by activated B-cells, the plasma cells. When bound on the surface the Ig functions as a receptor involved in differentiation, activation and apoptosis, while the secreted form can n ...
... The immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule can be found both as membrane bound on Bcells and in a secreted form that is produced by activated B-cells, the plasma cells. When bound on the surface the Ig functions as a receptor involved in differentiation, activation and apoptosis, while the secreted form can n ...
Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region. Each tip of the ""Y"" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the ""Y""), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.Antibodies are secreted by cells of the adaptive immune system (B cells), and more specifically, differentiated B cells called plasma cells. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Though strictly speaking, an antibody is not the same as an immunoglobulin; B cells can produce two types of immunoglobulins - surface immunoglobulins, which are B cell receptors; and secreted immunoglobulins, which are antibodies. So antibodies are one of two classes of immunoglobulins. Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains based on five different types of crystallisable fragments (Fc) that may be attached to the antigen-binding fragments. The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes. Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor (except for IgD, which is essentially the BCR), thus allowing the antigen-antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds. The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan(s) present at conserved sites within its Fc region. The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. For example, IgE is responsible for an allergic response consisting of mast cell degranulation and histamine release. IgE's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen, for example house dust mite particles, while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε. The allergen-IgE-FcRε interaction mediates allergic signal transduction to induce conditions such as asthma. Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen-binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V(D)J or VJ recombination. Basically, the antibody paratope is polygenic, made up of three genes, V, D, and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic, such that during antibody production, one allele of V, one of D, and one of J is chosen. These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope. The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the one type of heavy chain Fc fragment to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen-specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by different types of Fc receptors, expressed on different parts of the immune system.