Isolation, engineering, and characterization of intracellular
... This work could not have been completed, or even undertaken in the first place, without the support of many people. My advisors, Dane Wittrup and Vernon Ingram, both played invaluable roles in my education and in guiding research. Dane taught me to be realistic, both when I was overly optimistic and ...
... This work could not have been completed, or even undertaken in the first place, without the support of many people. My advisors, Dane Wittrup and Vernon Ingram, both played invaluable roles in my education and in guiding research. Dane taught me to be realistic, both when I was overly optimistic and ...
Glycosylation and Fc Receptors
... be membrane bound in the form of surface immunoglobulins or soluble. Surface immunoglobulins form part of the B-cell receptor (BCR) and are composed of membrane bound immunoglobulin D (IgD) or immunoglobulin M (IgM). This allows the antibody producing B-cell to detect specific antigens resulting in ...
... be membrane bound in the form of surface immunoglobulins or soluble. Surface immunoglobulins form part of the B-cell receptor (BCR) and are composed of membrane bound immunoglobulin D (IgD) or immunoglobulin M (IgM). This allows the antibody producing B-cell to detect specific antigens resulting in ...
EVIDENCE FOR TWO DISTINCT CLASSES OF STREPTOCOCCAL
... of certain M types are often associated with ARF outbreaks, whereas other serotypes are rarely seen in association with this disease . The following M types have been associated with one or more major outbreaks of ARE: M1, M3, M5, M6, Mll, M12, M14, M17, M18, M19, M24, M27, M29, M30, M32, and M41 (9 ...
... of certain M types are often associated with ARF outbreaks, whereas other serotypes are rarely seen in association with this disease . The following M types have been associated with one or more major outbreaks of ARE: M1, M3, M5, M6, Mll, M12, M14, M17, M18, M19, M24, M27, M29, M30, M32, and M41 (9 ...
Renal Pathology- Transplantation
... evidence of current or recent antibody interaction with vascular endothelium must be present. Such evidence may be morphologic or molecular. ...
... evidence of current or recent antibody interaction with vascular endothelium must be present. Such evidence may be morphologic or molecular. ...
Epstein-Barr Virus (Powerpoint presentation)
... Heterophile antibodies comprise a broad class of antibody characterized by ability to agglutinate antigens on RBCs from different mammalian species IM heterophile Ab (IgM) does not react with EBV- specific antigens characterized by its ability to react with beef, sheep and horse RBCs The antigen tha ...
... Heterophile antibodies comprise a broad class of antibody characterized by ability to agglutinate antigens on RBCs from different mammalian species IM heterophile Ab (IgM) does not react with EBV- specific antigens characterized by its ability to react with beef, sheep and horse RBCs The antigen tha ...
CENP-E Is a Plus End–Directed Kinetochore Motor Required for
... than that shared between XCENP-E and its nearest phylogenetic neighbors (Moore and Endow, 1996). Outside XCENP-E’s amino-terminal domain lie three additional regions of greater than 25% identity with hCENP-E, but not with other kinesin-like proteins (Figure 1A). On the basis of these regions of iden ...
... than that shared between XCENP-E and its nearest phylogenetic neighbors (Moore and Endow, 1996). Outside XCENP-E’s amino-terminal domain lie three additional regions of greater than 25% identity with hCENP-E, but not with other kinesin-like proteins (Figure 1A). On the basis of these regions of iden ...
Isotype-switched immunoglobulin G antibodies to HIV Gag proteins
... assays and to recombinant Gag (p55) and Env (gp140) proteins using ELISAs (Figure 1). Plasma levels of IgG1 antibodies to all HIV proteins detected by WB assay were higher in HIV controllers than non-controllers, except for anti-gp41, which were high (WB band score of 3 or 4) in all patients (Figure ...
... assays and to recombinant Gag (p55) and Env (gp140) proteins using ELISAs (Figure 1). Plasma levels of IgG1 antibodies to all HIV proteins detected by WB assay were higher in HIV controllers than non-controllers, except for anti-gp41, which were high (WB band score of 3 or 4) in all patients (Figure ...
Relative ability of ovine follicle stimulating hormone and
... capable of sequestering FSH circulating in vivo are also able to inhibit FSH response in vitro and if so the mechanism by which this is achieved. All studies carried out hitherto on bioneutralization of endogenous FSH have used either well characterized polyclonal antibodies or in active immunizatio ...
... capable of sequestering FSH circulating in vivo are also able to inhibit FSH response in vitro and if so the mechanism by which this is achieved. All studies carried out hitherto on bioneutralization of endogenous FSH have used either well characterized polyclonal antibodies or in active immunizatio ...
Assembled baculovirus-expressed human papillomavirus type 11
... Baculovirus-expressed human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) major capsid protein (L1) virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in insect cells and purified on CsC1 density gradients. The VLPs retained conformational neutralizing epitopes that were detected by a series of HPV-11-neutralizing monoclo ...
... Baculovirus-expressed human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) major capsid protein (L1) virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in insect cells and purified on CsC1 density gradients. The VLPs retained conformational neutralizing epitopes that were detected by a series of HPV-11-neutralizing monoclo ...
study of the anti – pregnancy
... produced by plasma cells because there is an interaction between the lymphocyte B antigen-sensitive and the presence of the antigens (Abbas et al., 2000; Tizard, 2004). The processes could be resumed in brief as follows: PAG protein entered into the body of laboratory animals and was processed in th ...
... produced by plasma cells because there is an interaction between the lymphocyte B antigen-sensitive and the presence of the antigens (Abbas et al., 2000; Tizard, 2004). The processes could be resumed in brief as follows: PAG protein entered into the body of laboratory animals and was processed in th ...
Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia
... antibody binds [22] and with the finding that quinine-dependent, platelet-reactive monoclonal antibodies bind drug at the 1 : 2 ratio expected for a specific antibody–drug interaction [23]. If confirmed by future studies, the model shown in Fig. 1 would reconcile seemingly conflicting hypotheses develop ...
... antibody binds [22] and with the finding that quinine-dependent, platelet-reactive monoclonal antibodies bind drug at the 1 : 2 ratio expected for a specific antibody–drug interaction [23]. If confirmed by future studies, the model shown in Fig. 1 would reconcile seemingly conflicting hypotheses develop ...
Inflammation in the Bovine Female Reproductive Tract
... too detailed. This discussion will lean towards the former and will assume some fundamental knowledge of reproductive physiology. For details, the reader is referred to the review by Stevenson (54). Briefly, in the cycling female, the hypothalamic “pulse generator” releases bursts of GnRH, which in ...
... too detailed. This discussion will lean towards the former and will assume some fundamental knowledge of reproductive physiology. For details, the reader is referred to the review by Stevenson (54). Briefly, in the cycling female, the hypothalamic “pulse generator” releases bursts of GnRH, which in ...
as a PDF
... results were indistinguishable from those obtained with the rabbit polyclonal anti–g-TIP peptide antibodies (Jauh et al., 1998). However, no g-TIP antigen was detectable in the pea seed extract (Figure 1B, lane 10). Therefore, the z26-kD band detected by MAb351 in the pea root tip extract is g-TIP a ...
... results were indistinguishable from those obtained with the rabbit polyclonal anti–g-TIP peptide antibodies (Jauh et al., 1998). However, no g-TIP antigen was detectable in the pea seed extract (Figure 1B, lane 10). Therefore, the z26-kD band detected by MAb351 in the pea root tip extract is g-TIP a ...
Rejection after Lung Transplantation?
... as different? Your body’s natural immune cells are able to recognize small, unique proteins called “antigens” that are present on the surface of all cells or infectious particles. These immune cells, called the T cells and the B cells, can recognize the antigens as “self” if they belong to you or “n ...
... as different? Your body’s natural immune cells are able to recognize small, unique proteins called “antigens” that are present on the surface of all cells or infectious particles. These immune cells, called the T cells and the B cells, can recognize the antigens as “self” if they belong to you or “n ...
Tonoplast Intrinsic Protein Isoforms as Markers for Vacuolar Functions
... results were indistinguishable from those obtained with the rabbit polyclonal anti–g-TIP peptide antibodies (Jauh et al., 1998). However, no g-TIP antigen was detectable in the pea seed extract (Figure 1B, lane 10). Therefore, the z26-kD band detected by MAb351 in the pea root tip extract is g-TIP a ...
... results were indistinguishable from those obtained with the rabbit polyclonal anti–g-TIP peptide antibodies (Jauh et al., 1998). However, no g-TIP antigen was detectable in the pea seed extract (Figure 1B, lane 10). Therefore, the z26-kD band detected by MAb351 in the pea root tip extract is g-TIP a ...
Synaptonemal complex proteins - Journal of Cell Science
... screened (Heyting and Dietrich, 1991) with SC-reactive serum from two rabbits and a mouse that had been inoculated with purified hamster SCs. Because the sera could contain antibodies against antigens other than meiotic chromosome proteins, the immunoreactive λ clones were screened by affinity eluti ...
... screened (Heyting and Dietrich, 1991) with SC-reactive serum from two rabbits and a mouse that had been inoculated with purified hamster SCs. Because the sera could contain antibodies against antigens other than meiotic chromosome proteins, the immunoreactive λ clones were screened by affinity eluti ...
IBR/Pii The humoral immune response in cattle after Pasteurella haemolytica
... A multivalent vaccine consisting of inactivated bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1), also known as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR) , para-influenza type-3 virus (PI 3 ) and the leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica A 1, were combined with the addition of aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant, and ...
... A multivalent vaccine consisting of inactivated bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1), also known as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR) , para-influenza type-3 virus (PI 3 ) and the leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica A 1, were combined with the addition of aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant, and ...
An Interpretative Introduction to the Immune System
... textbook. The interested reader should consult [14, 4, 13]. The goal of this chapter is to sketch an outline of how the immune system fits together, so that readers may then go and consult detailed research papers, knowing where to look. For this reason, the emphasis here is on interpretation, not d ...
... textbook. The interested reader should consult [14, 4, 13]. The goal of this chapter is to sketch an outline of how the immune system fits together, so that readers may then go and consult detailed research papers, knowing where to look. For this reason, the emphasis here is on interpretation, not d ...
Gonococcal outer-membrane protein PIB
... transferred from the gonococcal outer membrane into the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells. Such a process may play a crucial role in gonococcal interaction with host cells in vivo (Blake, 1985). Antibodies directed against PI have been shown to be opsonic for phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucoc ...
... transferred from the gonococcal outer membrane into the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells. Such a process may play a crucial role in gonococcal interaction with host cells in vivo (Blake, 1985). Antibodies directed against PI have been shown to be opsonic for phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucoc ...
PDF
... corticosteroid-induced cleft palate (Melnick et al. 1981a), corticosteroid treatment does not appear to alter the detectable spatiotemporal distribution of H-2 antigens in developing palates of embryonic BIO.A mice. These data suggest that we should look elsewhere for the mechanism of steroid-induce ...
... corticosteroid-induced cleft palate (Melnick et al. 1981a), corticosteroid treatment does not appear to alter the detectable spatiotemporal distribution of H-2 antigens in developing palates of embryonic BIO.A mice. These data suggest that we should look elsewhere for the mechanism of steroid-induce ...
Patients with oral erosive and cutaneous lichen planus may have
... cytoplasmatic (16). In most cases, however, the pathogenetic link between the oral lesions and the circulating autoantibodies is far from being demonstrated. In fact, both antigen-specific and non-specific mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Antigen-specific mechani ...
... cytoplasmatic (16). In most cases, however, the pathogenetic link between the oral lesions and the circulating autoantibodies is far from being demonstrated. In fact, both antigen-specific and non-specific mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Antigen-specific mechani ...
Immune response to human papillomavirus after
... contrast, adaptive immunity, encompassing the humoral and the cell-mediated immune responses, generates pathogen-specific effector cell responses and provides pathogen-specific immunological memory, allowing a more rapid and vigorous response upon a second encounter with the same pathogen. Local inf ...
... contrast, adaptive immunity, encompassing the humoral and the cell-mediated immune responses, generates pathogen-specific effector cell responses and provides pathogen-specific immunological memory, allowing a more rapid and vigorous response upon a second encounter with the same pathogen. Local inf ...
fulltext
... antibody responses. C1q is primarily activated by antibody-antigen complexes. Antigen-specific IgM in complex with an antigen is able to enhance the antibody response against that antigen. This is dependent on the ability of IgM to activate complement. Naïve mice have very low amounts of specific an ...
... antibody responses. C1q is primarily activated by antibody-antigen complexes. Antigen-specific IgM in complex with an antigen is able to enhance the antibody response against that antigen. This is dependent on the ability of IgM to activate complement. Naïve mice have very low amounts of specific an ...
Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region. Each tip of the ""Y"" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the ""Y""), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.Antibodies are secreted by cells of the adaptive immune system (B cells), and more specifically, differentiated B cells called plasma cells. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Though strictly speaking, an antibody is not the same as an immunoglobulin; B cells can produce two types of immunoglobulins - surface immunoglobulins, which are B cell receptors; and secreted immunoglobulins, which are antibodies. So antibodies are one of two classes of immunoglobulins. Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains based on five different types of crystallisable fragments (Fc) that may be attached to the antigen-binding fragments. The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes. Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor (except for IgD, which is essentially the BCR), thus allowing the antigen-antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds. The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan(s) present at conserved sites within its Fc region. The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. For example, IgE is responsible for an allergic response consisting of mast cell degranulation and histamine release. IgE's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen, for example house dust mite particles, while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε. The allergen-IgE-FcRε interaction mediates allergic signal transduction to induce conditions such as asthma. Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen-binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V(D)J or VJ recombination. Basically, the antibody paratope is polygenic, made up of three genes, V, D, and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic, such that during antibody production, one allele of V, one of D, and one of J is chosen. These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope. The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the one type of heavy chain Fc fragment to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen-specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by different types of Fc receptors, expressed on different parts of the immune system.