Chapter 17: Plate Tectonics
... The maps made from the data collected by sonar and magnetometers surprised many scientists. Vast, underwater mountain chains called ocean ridges were discovered. These features of the ocean floor form the longest continuous mountain range on Earth. When they ...
... The maps made from the data collected by sonar and magnetometers surprised many scientists. Vast, underwater mountain chains called ocean ridges were discovered. These features of the ocean floor form the longest continuous mountain range on Earth. When they ...
Earth and Environmental Science
... Despite drought conditions, the Sydney Catchment Authority releases millions of litres of water per day from Warragamba Dam into the Nepean River. What is the main environmental purpose for this release? (A) To maintain natural processes in surface waters (B) To reduce the level of salinity of the ...
... Despite drought conditions, the Sydney Catchment Authority releases millions of litres of water per day from Warragamba Dam into the Nepean River. What is the main environmental purpose for this release? (A) To maintain natural processes in surface waters (B) To reduce the level of salinity of the ...
Review of Ocean Literacy in European Maritime Policy
... et al., 2013) and in line with worldwide trends; population sizes along Europe's coasts are increasing. Global ecosystem services provided by the ocean, and on which we depend, include raw materials and food, coastal protection, water purification, carbon sequestration, tourism and recreation (Barbi ...
... et al., 2013) and in line with worldwide trends; population sizes along Europe's coasts are increasing. Global ecosystem services provided by the ocean, and on which we depend, include raw materials and food, coastal protection, water purification, carbon sequestration, tourism and recreation (Barbi ...
Appendix D: Plankton
... non-living organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the water for subsequent uptake by the phytoplankton. Although limited in coverage, available data suggests that Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA, Figure D.0) averages of plankton standing stock, species composition, a ...
... non-living organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the water for subsequent uptake by the phytoplankton. Although limited in coverage, available data suggests that Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA, Figure D.0) averages of plankton standing stock, species composition, a ...
Changes in Marine Prokaryote Composition with Season and Depth
... Front. Mar. Sci. 4:95. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00095 ...
... Front. Mar. Sci. 4:95. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00095 ...
W H O I
... prompted a steady decline of oceanographic research sponsored by the Office of Naval Research. This loss of support has been most acute in two areas: Instrument development, which often requires up to 10 years of sustained effort and support to progress from conception to prototype to useful instrum ...
... prompted a steady decline of oceanographic research sponsored by the Office of Naval Research. This loss of support has been most acute in two areas: Instrument development, which often requires up to 10 years of sustained effort and support to progress from conception to prototype to useful instrum ...
Chapter12_January2013 - IARC Research
... more often recycled by grazers because the water column is warmer then, thus, the food source for the benthos is reduced. Recent reductions in sea ice have resulted in a shift of the subarctic pelagic-dominated ecosystem typical of the southeastern Bering Sea northward into the northern Bering Sea ( ...
... more often recycled by grazers because the water column is warmer then, thus, the food source for the benthos is reduced. Recent reductions in sea ice have resulted in a shift of the subarctic pelagic-dominated ecosystem typical of the southeastern Bering Sea northward into the northern Bering Sea ( ...
the PDF - Expand Papahānaumokuākea Marine National
... Populations of seabirds, turtles, whales, predators such as sharks and tuna, and bottom life associated with seamounts and hydrothermal vents would benefit from the expansion. Marine protected areas are most effective when they are large, remote, strongly protected, protected for a long time, and en ...
... Populations of seabirds, turtles, whales, predators such as sharks and tuna, and bottom life associated with seamounts and hydrothermal vents would benefit from the expansion. Marine protected areas are most effective when they are large, remote, strongly protected, protected for a long time, and en ...
IOC Regional Committee for the Southern Ocean (Sixth Session
... force of UNCLOS, UN FCCC, UNCBD; development of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty; initiation and successful implementation of global programmes aimed at understanding and prediction of global environmental and climatic change, including in particular WCRP, IGBP, GOOS ...
... force of UNCLOS, UN FCCC, UNCBD; development of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty; initiation and successful implementation of global programmes aimed at understanding and prediction of global environmental and climatic change, including in particular WCRP, IGBP, GOOS ...
File - Warta MHS Science
... cell, and one is slightly smaller (fig. 12.6). Over successive generations, the mean cell size of the population will decrease. The most common means of escaping this cycle of diminishing cell size is through sexual reproduction. When a diatom decreases in size to about 40% of its original size, gam ...
... cell, and one is slightly smaller (fig. 12.6). Over successive generations, the mean cell size of the population will decrease. The most common means of escaping this cycle of diminishing cell size is through sexual reproduction. When a diatom decreases in size to about 40% of its original size, gam ...
Word - Manchester Geological Association
... Professor Hugh Rollinson, University of Derby The Oman ophiolite is one of the largest, best exposed slices of ocean crust preserved anywhere in the world. It has been the subject of intensive field, geophysical and geochemical investigations for over 30 years with work by major groups from the USGS ...
... Professor Hugh Rollinson, University of Derby The Oman ophiolite is one of the largest, best exposed slices of ocean crust preserved anywhere in the world. It has been the subject of intensive field, geophysical and geochemical investigations for over 30 years with work by major groups from the USGS ...
What are the FOUR (4) WAYS our Earth*s PLATES MOVE?
... the horizon and retreated water indicate a forthcoming Tsunami. This photograph shows the 2004 Tsunami in Thailand. Instead of seeking shelter, the people are amazed about the coming w ...
... the horizon and retreated water indicate a forthcoming Tsunami. This photograph shows the 2004 Tsunami in Thailand. Instead of seeking shelter, the people are amazed about the coming w ...
Climate change impacts on the waters around the UK and Ireland
... The salinity of the upper ocean (0-800 m) to the west and north of the UK (Region 8) has been generally increasing since a fresh period in the 1970s. A minimum occurred in the mid 1990s, and present day conditions are relatively saline. The decadal-scale pattern of change around the UK reflects the ...
... The salinity of the upper ocean (0-800 m) to the west and north of the UK (Region 8) has been generally increasing since a fresh period in the 1970s. A minimum occurred in the mid 1990s, and present day conditions are relatively saline. The decadal-scale pattern of change around the UK reflects the ...
Plate Tectonics
... or crunch into each other. All the folding and bending makes rock in both plates break and slip, causing earthquakes. Rock deep in the Earth melts, builds up pressure causing volcanoes. ...
... or crunch into each other. All the folding and bending makes rock in both plates break and slip, causing earthquakes. Rock deep in the Earth melts, builds up pressure causing volcanoes. ...
IMOS National Reference Station (NRS) Network
... • The NRS data have been used, in part, to describe recent poleward range extensions of species (for a review see Poloczanska et al., 2007). A good example of how the Maria Island NRS has played this enabling role is a study of range extension of the habitat controlling the sea urchin Centrosptep ...
... • The NRS data have been used, in part, to describe recent poleward range extensions of species (for a review see Poloczanska et al., 2007). A good example of how the Maria Island NRS has played this enabling role is a study of range extension of the habitat controlling the sea urchin Centrosptep ...
Temporal variation of oceanic spreading and crustal production
... the late Mesozoic. In the last 20 years, considerable advances in marine geosciences have allowed a better estimate of the production at oceanic ridges, which is now accepted to be about 20 km3 year1 (e.g. [9–11]). This value and its temporal evolution are important because they are used in various ...
... the late Mesozoic. In the last 20 years, considerable advances in marine geosciences have allowed a better estimate of the production at oceanic ridges, which is now accepted to be about 20 km3 year1 (e.g. [9–11]). This value and its temporal evolution are important because they are used in various ...
Interocean Exchange of Thermocline Water - Lamont
... abyssaldepthsat a rate of 15 to 20 x 106 m3/s. NADW spreadsthroughoutthe Atlantic Ocean and is exported to the Indian and Pacific Oceans by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and deep western boundary currents. Naturally, there must be a compensating flow of upper layer water toward the northern Nort ...
... abyssaldepthsat a rate of 15 to 20 x 106 m3/s. NADW spreadsthroughoutthe Atlantic Ocean and is exported to the Indian and Pacific Oceans by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and deep western boundary currents. Naturally, there must be a compensating flow of upper layer water toward the northern Nort ...
coupled - jamstec
... Uptake by ocean and land • Part (about half at present) of anthropogenic CO2 is absorbed by nature (ocean and land). The rest remains in atmosphere. • Climate change projections with carbon-cycle models tell that nature uptake would decrease more or less due to temperature rise. Reduced CO2 uptake r ...
... Uptake by ocean and land • Part (about half at present) of anthropogenic CO2 is absorbed by nature (ocean and land). The rest remains in atmosphere. • Climate change projections with carbon-cycle models tell that nature uptake would decrease more or less due to temperature rise. Reduced CO2 uptake r ...
WOR 1 - World Ocean Review
... The scientists in the Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean” undertake research in a range of disciplines, evaluating the complex interactions between the oceans and global change and assessing opportunities and risks. But how much do we really know about the state of the oceans today? What do we ...
... The scientists in the Cluster of Excellence “The Future Ocean” undertake research in a range of disciplines, evaluating the complex interactions between the oceans and global change and assessing opportunities and risks. But how much do we really know about the state of the oceans today? What do we ...
Practice Exam #5 - El Camino College
... and out of the vents because it has a Higher / Lower density than the rock of the Earth. ● Volcanoes: Hydrothermal vents are small volcanoes. When lava comes out of the vents, Liquid Water / Smoke / Steam rises out of the lava because it has a Higher / Lower density than the rest of the lava. 12. Ho ...
... and out of the vents because it has a Higher / Lower density than the rock of the Earth. ● Volcanoes: Hydrothermal vents are small volcanoes. When lava comes out of the vents, Liquid Water / Smoke / Steam rises out of the lava because it has a Higher / Lower density than the rest of the lava. 12. Ho ...
Seafloor weathering controls on atmospheric C02 and global climate
... petrologic, thermodynamic, and kinetic evidence. Seafloor weathering refers to the oxidative and nonoxidative alteration which occurs when seawater comes into contact with the upper several hundred meters of the oceanic crust, as well as the alteration of exposed ocean floor by seawater. We are spec ...
... petrologic, thermodynamic, and kinetic evidence. Seafloor weathering refers to the oxidative and nonoxidative alteration which occurs when seawater comes into contact with the upper several hundred meters of the oceanic crust, as well as the alteration of exposed ocean floor by seawater. We are spec ...
Division 36D South Pacific
... and shelf systems at the basin edges where shifts result in weakening/strengthening of the boundary currents. Interaction of the easterly trade winds and ocean currents with island topography modifies the flow of water downwind of the islands, creating counter-currents, eddies and upwelling. This re ...
... and shelf systems at the basin edges where shifts result in weakening/strengthening of the boundary currents. Interaction of the easterly trade winds and ocean currents with island topography modifies the flow of water downwind of the islands, creating counter-currents, eddies and upwelling. This re ...
38th SCOR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING Bergen, Norway
... The proposal for a WG on Land-Based Nutrient Pollution and the Relationship to Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Marine Systems, another very important and timely topic was recommended for strengthening the proposal so that it could be considered for funding either later this year (if funds are availa ...
... The proposal for a WG on Land-Based Nutrient Pollution and the Relationship to Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Marine Systems, another very important and timely topic was recommended for strengthening the proposal so that it could be considered for funding either later this year (if funds are availa ...
Evolutionary ecology during the rise of dioxygen in the Earth`s
... Pre-photosynthetic niches were meagre with a productivity of much less than 10K4 of modern photosynthesis. Serpentinization, arc volcanism and ridge-axis volcanism reliably provided H2. Methanogens and acetogens reacted CO2 with H2 to obtain energy and make organic matter. These skills pre-adapted a ...
... Pre-photosynthetic niches were meagre with a productivity of much less than 10K4 of modern photosynthesis. Serpentinization, arc volcanism and ridge-axis volcanism reliably provided H2. Methanogens and acetogens reacted CO2 with H2 to obtain energy and make organic matter. These skills pre-adapted a ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.