Blue carbon in human-dominated estuarine and shallow coastal
... marshes, seagrass meadows, and intertidal flats are ongoing (e.g., Chmura et al. 2003; Donato et al. 2011; Breithaupt et al. 2012; Fourqurean et al. 2012; Duarte et al. 2013; Miyajima et al. 2015). The organic carbon stored in shallow coastal sediment and within organisms is critical as a source of ...
... marshes, seagrass meadows, and intertidal flats are ongoing (e.g., Chmura et al. 2003; Donato et al. 2011; Breithaupt et al. 2012; Fourqurean et al. 2012; Duarte et al. 2013; Miyajima et al. 2015). The organic carbon stored in shallow coastal sediment and within organisms is critical as a source of ...
Carbon cycle implications of terrestrial weathering changes since
... the rate of atmospheric CO2 consumption by silicate weathering to changes in atmospheric partial CO2 pressure, as a possible explanation for the general decreasing trend of atmospheric CO2 levels on geological timescales. Although atmospheric CO2 concentration is often used as a broad proxy for envi ...
... the rate of atmospheric CO2 consumption by silicate weathering to changes in atmospheric partial CO2 pressure, as a possible explanation for the general decreasing trend of atmospheric CO2 levels on geological timescales. Although atmospheric CO2 concentration is often used as a broad proxy for envi ...
North Atlantic ecosystem sensitivity to Holocene shifts in Meridional
... Bryden, 1982]. The NAC follows the boundary between the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) and the subtropical gyre (STG), and its density and flow are modulated by the SPG [Hátún et al., 2005]. During periods when the SPG is enhanced (elongated E-W with strong outgrowth into the eastern Atlantic), t ...
... Bryden, 1982]. The NAC follows the boundary between the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) and the subtropical gyre (STG), and its density and flow are modulated by the SPG [Hátún et al., 2005]. During periods when the SPG is enhanced (elongated E-W with strong outgrowth into the eastern Atlantic), t ...
Chapter 51. Biological Communities on Seamounts and Other
... ecologically, and human activity, such as fishing, focuses on both. We therefore include here all such features with heights > 100 m. Only 6.5 per cent of the deep seafloor has been mapped, so the global number of seamounts must be estimated, usually from a combination of satellite altimetry and mul ...
... ecologically, and human activity, such as fishing, focuses on both. We therefore include here all such features with heights > 100 m. Only 6.5 per cent of the deep seafloor has been mapped, so the global number of seamounts must be estimated, usually from a combination of satellite altimetry and mul ...
A mission concept for simultaneous measurements of marine winds
... at least 10 years (preferably 20 years) is needed. The majority of users requires near real-time delivery of the products. The accuracy of the products is typically less than 0.20 m/s and independent on current regimes. Addressing the user needs set out in the previous section, requires repeated mea ...
... at least 10 years (preferably 20 years) is needed. The majority of users requires near real-time delivery of the products. The accuracy of the products is typically less than 0.20 m/s and independent on current regimes. Addressing the user needs set out in the previous section, requires repeated mea ...
Ocean Conservation Strategies and the Next Decade of Marine
... and ecosystems in which Packard’s Conservation and Science Program invests. Between 2004 and 2009, prior to the Science subprogram being formalized, the Foundation supported an ecosystem-based management strategy, which made some investments in the Coral Triangle region. Thus, the Foundation’s total ...
... and ecosystems in which Packard’s Conservation and Science Program invests. Between 2004 and 2009, prior to the Science subprogram being formalized, the Foundation supported an ecosystem-based management strategy, which made some investments in the Coral Triangle region. Thus, the Foundation’s total ...
Ocean Conservation Strategies and the Next Decade of Marine
... and ecosystems in which Packard’s Conservation and Science Program invests. Between 2004 and 2009, prior to the Science subprogram being formalized, the Foundation supported an ecosystem-based management strategy, which made some investments in the Coral Triangle region. Thus, the Foundation’s total ...
... and ecosystems in which Packard’s Conservation and Science Program invests. Between 2004 and 2009, prior to the Science subprogram being formalized, the Foundation supported an ecosystem-based management strategy, which made some investments in the Coral Triangle region. Thus, the Foundation’s total ...
Abrupt Ocean Anoxia During the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction
... There have been two major increases in marine biodiversity during the Phanerozoic, the first during the early Paleozoic and the second during the Mesozoic (Sheehan, 2001a; Stanley, 2007; Servais and Owen, 2010). The early Paleozoic expansion in marine biodiversity consists of the “Cambrian Explosion ...
... There have been two major increases in marine biodiversity during the Phanerozoic, the first during the early Paleozoic and the second during the Mesozoic (Sheehan, 2001a; Stanley, 2007; Servais and Owen, 2010). The early Paleozoic expansion in marine biodiversity consists of the “Cambrian Explosion ...
The Southern Ocean Observing System
... 1. The role of the Southern Ocean in the planet’s heat and freshwater balance 2. The stability of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation 3. The role of the ocean in the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise 4. The future and consequences of Southern Ocean ca ...
... 1. The role of the Southern Ocean in the planet’s heat and freshwater balance 2. The stability of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation 3. The role of the ocean in the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise 4. The future and consequences of Southern Ocean ca ...
the southern ocean observing system
... 1. The role of the Southern Ocean in the planet’s heat and freshwater balance 2. The stability of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation 3. The role of the ocean in the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise 4. The future and consequences of Southern Ocean ca ...
... 1. The role of the Southern Ocean in the planet’s heat and freshwater balance 2. The stability of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation 3. The role of the ocean in the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise 4. The future and consequences of Southern Ocean ca ...
Scientific Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Fertilization
... The ocean is one of the largest natural reservoirs of carbon, storing about 20 times more carbon than the terrestrial biosphere and soils, and playing a significant role in the regulation of atmospheric CO2 and climate due to its large heat capacity and global-scale circulation mechanisms. Globally, ...
... The ocean is one of the largest natural reservoirs of carbon, storing about 20 times more carbon than the terrestrial biosphere and soils, and playing a significant role in the regulation of atmospheric CO2 and climate due to its large heat capacity and global-scale circulation mechanisms. Globally, ...
Blue natural capital:towards a new economy
... cold water corals, and close to 200 species of fish with a commercial value. These ecosystems provide key services such as Carbon sequestration, marine traffic corridors for over 50% of the European merchant fleet, and generation of pharmaceutical components by organisms living in extreme conditions ...
... cold water corals, and close to 200 species of fish with a commercial value. These ecosystems provide key services such as Carbon sequestration, marine traffic corridors for over 50% of the European merchant fleet, and generation of pharmaceutical components by organisms living in extreme conditions ...
Neodymium isotopic variations in North Pacific modern
... R E E cycling in seawater. The world's oceans contain a total 4.1 × 10 l° moles of Nd; a river flux of roughly 10 7 m o l / y r Nd yields a residence time of 4100 years [1,10]. Oceanic distributions of REE, in particular their covariance with silica and systematic increase in deep water concentratio ...
... R E E cycling in seawater. The world's oceans contain a total 4.1 × 10 l° moles of Nd; a river flux of roughly 10 7 m o l / y r Nd yields a residence time of 4100 years [1,10]. Oceanic distributions of REE, in particular their covariance with silica and systematic increase in deep water concentratio ...
Geological Society, London, Special Publications
... region of highest modern global reefal biodiversity, with an extensive and continuous geological record of reefal and non-reefal carbonates spanning the last 50 million years. Carbonate rocks form through the accumulation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) sediments, most commonly in shallow waters from t ...
... region of highest modern global reefal biodiversity, with an extensive and continuous geological record of reefal and non-reefal carbonates spanning the last 50 million years. Carbonate rocks form through the accumulation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) sediments, most commonly in shallow waters from t ...
Chapter 32 Capacity building in relation to human activities affecting
... species using remote sensing capabilities, as well as creating capacity to organize databases using standardized tools and formats. It was also important to build capacity to assess the effects on biodiversity of human activities and to address biophysical and socioeconomic issues for human well-be ...
... species using remote sensing capabilities, as well as creating capacity to organize databases using standardized tools and formats. It was also important to build capacity to assess the effects on biodiversity of human activities and to address biophysical and socioeconomic issues for human well-be ...
Research on Hydrothermal Vents-Amit
... cold water) to endosymbiont bacteria. Billions of bacteria living inside the tubeworm produce sugars from CO2, H2S and O2. Riftia pachyptila, which grow much faster (85 centimeters per year) and reach over 2 meters in length, eventually replace Tevnia as the dominant species. Over 300 new species of ...
... cold water) to endosymbiont bacteria. Billions of bacteria living inside the tubeworm produce sugars from CO2, H2S and O2. Riftia pachyptila, which grow much faster (85 centimeters per year) and reach over 2 meters in length, eventually replace Tevnia as the dominant species. Over 300 new species of ...
Contraction or expansion of the Moon`s crust during magma ocean
... would prevent early tectonic features of contraction or expansion from being recorded permanently. The most likely process for creating the expansion recorded by the dikes is melting during cumulate overturn of the newly solidified lunar mantle. ...
... would prevent early tectonic features of contraction or expansion from being recorded permanently. The most likely process for creating the expansion recorded by the dikes is melting during cumulate overturn of the newly solidified lunar mantle. ...
Natural iron fertilization by the Eyjafjallajkull volcanic eruption
... enhanced DFe concentrations (up to 10 nM) immediately under the ash plume. Bioassay experiments performed with ash collected at sea under the plume also demonstrated the potential for associated Fe release to stimulate phytoplankton growth and nutrient drawdown. Combining Fe dissolution measurements ...
... enhanced DFe concentrations (up to 10 nM) immediately under the ash plume. Bioassay experiments performed with ash collected at sea under the plume also demonstrated the potential for associated Fe release to stimulate phytoplankton growth and nutrient drawdown. Combining Fe dissolution measurements ...
Tide Pools on Cavendish Beach – A Lesson in Survival
... environment of tide pools to students in elementary school. The activities can be done individually or in groups of varying sizes, depending on the nature of the class and availability of technology facilities. It is recommended that teachers familiarize themselves with the sites before starting the ...
... environment of tide pools to students in elementary school. The activities can be done individually or in groups of varying sizes, depending on the nature of the class and availability of technology facilities. It is recommended that teachers familiarize themselves with the sites before starting the ...
Seafloor Spreading
... such as mountain ranges, would have fractured as the continents separated. – Using this reasoning, Wegener hypothesized that there should be areas of similar rock types on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. ...
... such as mountain ranges, would have fractured as the continents separated. – Using this reasoning, Wegener hypothesized that there should be areas of similar rock types on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. ...
Sailing through Changing Oceans
... Indeed, concerning the two major environmental challenges we are facing today, that is the impact of climate changes and the preservation of biodiversity, the polar regions are of very particular scientific interest. The jeopardised future of the polar bear with the reduction in the extent of Arctic ...
... Indeed, concerning the two major environmental challenges we are facing today, that is the impact of climate changes and the preservation of biodiversity, the polar regions are of very particular scientific interest. The jeopardised future of the polar bear with the reduction in the extent of Arctic ...
Gulf of Maine Strategic Regional Ocean Science Plan
... Initiative evolved from an awareness of the importance of integrated approaches to addressing ecological, environmental, and social influences in coastal and marine ecosystems at the regional level. In response to a call for regional coordination of research by the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, t ...
... Initiative evolved from an awareness of the importance of integrated approaches to addressing ecological, environmental, and social influences in coastal and marine ecosystems at the regional level. In response to a call for regional coordination of research by the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, t ...
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... correlated with regional primary production and sea-ice duration [75]. Similarly, organic matter is transferred within sinking water generated from rejected brine during ice formation and is suspected to act as an important source of food for benthic species creating locations of high species richne ...
... correlated with regional primary production and sea-ice duration [75]. Similarly, organic matter is transferred within sinking water generated from rejected brine during ice formation and is suspected to act as an important source of food for benthic species creating locations of high species richne ...
Salinity (Marine) - Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines
... estuary (Kistritz 1978), but stenohaline marine species, such as eelgrass and shellfish, are found in the adjacent, more saline area that is isolated from the river flow behind the two long jetties to the south of the river. In many coastal areas, salinity fluctuations limit the distributions of org ...
... estuary (Kistritz 1978), but stenohaline marine species, such as eelgrass and shellfish, are found in the adjacent, more saline area that is isolated from the river flow behind the two long jetties to the south of the river. In many coastal areas, salinity fluctuations limit the distributions of org ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.