Ecology: Organisms and their environment
... The model they create, a food web, expresses all the possible feeding relationships at ...
... The model they create, a food web, expresses all the possible feeding relationships at ...
The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota
... - Mesocosm experiments, e.g. enriching the soil by food sources as glucose to stimulate microbial growth (respiration) ...
... - Mesocosm experiments, e.g. enriching the soil by food sources as glucose to stimulate microbial growth (respiration) ...
WLD1010 Student Manual - Prairie Land Regional Division No. 25
... Biomass and Ecological Pyramids The combined weight of all species of plants and animals that may exist within an ecosystem make up what ecologists refer to as the biomass. Biomass is usually measured in dry weight per unit area, and ecologists use it to discover and compare the level of animal and ...
... Biomass and Ecological Pyramids The combined weight of all species of plants and animals that may exist within an ecosystem make up what ecologists refer to as the biomass. Biomass is usually measured in dry weight per unit area, and ecologists use it to discover and compare the level of animal and ...
or respiration
... more clouds and more precipitation. In some areas, especially where water sources are less available, the increased evaporation/transpiration could dry out soil and vegetation resulting in loss of plants and more arid conditions. (We will revisit this in Human ...
... more clouds and more precipitation. In some areas, especially where water sources are less available, the increased evaporation/transpiration could dry out soil and vegetation resulting in loss of plants and more arid conditions. (We will revisit this in Human ...
High trophic overlap within the seabird community of Argentinean
... δ15N values were used for estimating seabird trophic positions. Trophic discrimination between diet and consumer derives from a combination of isotopic discrimination both during assimilation and protein synthesis, and during the excretion of endogenous nitrogen (Ponsard & Averbuch 1999). Although e ...
... δ15N values were used for estimating seabird trophic positions. Trophic discrimination between diet and consumer derives from a combination of isotopic discrimination both during assimilation and protein synthesis, and during the excretion of endogenous nitrogen (Ponsard & Averbuch 1999). Although e ...
Biology Pre-Learning Check
... dead log has some bacteria or termites or fungi that are making it decompose. Same thing with those bubbles near the big fish. Most likely coming from bacteria decomposing ings at the bottom of the pond. ...
... dead log has some bacteria or termites or fungi that are making it decompose. Same thing with those bubbles near the big fish. Most likely coming from bacteria decomposing ings at the bottom of the pond. ...
Towards a food web perspective on biodiversity and ecosystem
... impacts on processes that are disproportionate to their abundance or biomass. Duffy’s (2002) paper was one of the first to call for a merger of BEF and food-web theory, and the hypotheses put forth in that paper were useful, in part, because they represented an alternative to those posed by a number ...
... impacts on processes that are disproportionate to their abundance or biomass. Duffy’s (2002) paper was one of the first to call for a merger of BEF and food-web theory, and the hypotheses put forth in that paper were useful, in part, because they represented an alternative to those posed by a number ...
Ecosystems: the flux of energy and matter
... endothermic consumers spend a much greater proportion of their assimilated energy on respiration than do ectothermic consumers. An endothermic animal eating low-quality plant food may have a net production efficiency of less than 1%, while an ectothermic carnivore that eats a high-quality animal pre ...
... endothermic consumers spend a much greater proportion of their assimilated energy on respiration than do ectothermic consumers. An endothermic animal eating low-quality plant food may have a net production efficiency of less than 1%, while an ectothermic carnivore that eats a high-quality animal pre ...
An overview of studies on trophic ecology in the
... extirpations, and population fluctuations of a species that dramatically affect other species within a variety of natural habitats (Williams et al., 2002). Macrobenthic communities are now used worldwide as bioindicators (Diaz and Rosenberg, 1995; Belan, 2003; Carvalho et al., 2006; Cardoso et al., ...
... extirpations, and population fluctuations of a species that dramatically affect other species within a variety of natural habitats (Williams et al., 2002). Macrobenthic communities are now used worldwide as bioindicators (Diaz and Rosenberg, 1995; Belan, 2003; Carvalho et al., 2006; Cardoso et al., ...
Soft-bottom intertidal ecosystems shaped by ecosystem engineers
... transform simple intertidal food webs into a complex mosaic of linked inter- and subtidal food webs, suggesting that ecosystem engineering can be more important in structuring ecological networks then previously thought. Our results reveal that habitat modifying species, through non-trophic facilita ...
... transform simple intertidal food webs into a complex mosaic of linked inter- and subtidal food webs, suggesting that ecosystem engineering can be more important in structuring ecological networks then previously thought. Our results reveal that habitat modifying species, through non-trophic facilita ...
A patch-dynamic framework for food web metacommunities
... the emergence of complex food web networks within metacommunities composed of many patches. We consider a food web showing all potential feeding links (Fig. 2) as a directed graph or a food web network, with the vertices of the graph representing species, and the directed edges, or arrows, represent ...
... the emergence of complex food web networks within metacommunities composed of many patches. We consider a food web showing all potential feeding links (Fig. 2) as a directed graph or a food web network, with the vertices of the graph representing species, and the directed edges, or arrows, represent ...
Biology Chapter 3 Test - Maximum Achievement
... Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth. Less than 3 percent of all the sun’s energy that reaches Earth is used by living things. Inorganic chemical compounds also provide energy for life on Earth. Plants, some algae, and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals an ...
... Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth. Less than 3 percent of all the sun’s energy that reaches Earth is used by living things. Inorganic chemical compounds also provide energy for life on Earth. Plants, some algae, and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals an ...
Ecology
... Functional unit in ecology is the ecosystem; it is analogous to the cell Hierarchy theory and emergent properties is applicable to the study of ecology Energetics of ecosystems is driven by (i) principles of thermodynamics (1st and 2nd Laws) and (ii) nature in which organisms acquire and utilize ene ...
... Functional unit in ecology is the ecosystem; it is analogous to the cell Hierarchy theory and emergent properties is applicable to the study of ecology Energetics of ecosystems is driven by (i) principles of thermodynamics (1st and 2nd Laws) and (ii) nature in which organisms acquire and utilize ene ...
Unit 7: Ecology
... Carnivores- eat animals Omnivores- eat both plants and animals Detritivores- eat dead matter (plants and animals) ...
... Carnivores- eat animals Omnivores- eat both plants and animals Detritivores- eat dead matter (plants and animals) ...
Name - Net Start Class
... Slide 22: Food Webs- attempt to show all the feeding __________________ in a community. The direction of the arrows shows the direction of _________________________. At the bottom of every web and every chain is a _________. These are the only things that can turn sunshine into ____________. Slide ...
... Slide 22: Food Webs- attempt to show all the feeding __________________ in a community. The direction of the arrows shows the direction of _________________________. At the bottom of every web and every chain is a _________. These are the only things that can turn sunshine into ____________. Slide ...
Unit 2 Homework Sheet
... Some basic review: Trophic = Food The word bank: food chain, 90%, food web, biomass, trophic level, water, 1st law of thermodynamics, 2nd law of thermodynamics, ecosystem An ________________________ is a community of organisms interacting with each other and the non-living (abiotic) components of th ...
... Some basic review: Trophic = Food The word bank: food chain, 90%, food web, biomass, trophic level, water, 1st law of thermodynamics, 2nd law of thermodynamics, ecosystem An ________________________ is a community of organisms interacting with each other and the non-living (abiotic) components of th ...
Special Feature
... 1, 2, and 4 above) and food selection, with scant empirical attention given to the rest. We do not think any of the above hypotheses (for food mixing or food selection) is generally tested at present because few studies have employed critical experiments to distinguish among them. Nevertheless, seve ...
... 1, 2, and 4 above) and food selection, with scant empirical attention given to the rest. We do not think any of the above hypotheses (for food mixing or food selection) is generally tested at present because few studies have employed critical experiments to distinguish among them. Nevertheless, seve ...
Abiotic vs. Biotic Card Sort
... phenomena as well as the knowledge generated through this process 8. theory - a well-established and highly reliable explanation, but may be subject to change as new areas of science and technologies are developed ...
... phenomena as well as the knowledge generated through this process 8. theory - a well-established and highly reliable explanation, but may be subject to change as new areas of science and technologies are developed ...
Understand inter and intraspecific competition, mutualism and
... Know that Americas age structure diagram is reflective of an aging population, and that the growth rate of the global population has slowed in the last 40 years or so. Know the components of soil – humus, parent material, etc. Understand that humans, for a long time in our history, were hunter gathe ...
... Know that Americas age structure diagram is reflective of an aging population, and that the growth rate of the global population has slowed in the last 40 years or so. Know the components of soil – humus, parent material, etc. Understand that humans, for a long time in our history, were hunter gathe ...
Chaos in Multi-Trophic Food Webs
... primary consumer Y which is then preyed upon by secondary consumer Z. While the unilateral approach is not entirely complete either, it does capture features which a pair wise modeling could not such as how the population of a producer affects not only the population of the primary consumer but that ...
... primary consumer Y which is then preyed upon by secondary consumer Z. While the unilateral approach is not entirely complete either, it does capture features which a pair wise modeling could not such as how the population of a producer affects not only the population of the primary consumer but that ...
Dynamical and system-wide properties of linear flow
... characteristics. Variation of internal flows and external inputs over several orders of magnitude gave identical steady states. We knew from theory that initial conditions make no contribution to steady states of linear systems, only to the rates at which these are approached. But this was different ...
... characteristics. Variation of internal flows and external inputs over several orders of magnitude gave identical steady states. We knew from theory that initial conditions make no contribution to steady states of linear systems, only to the rates at which these are approached. But this was different ...
Reverse latitudinal trends in species richness of pitcher-plant food webs
... Latitudinal patterns in species richness have been well documented for guilds and individual trophic groups, but comparable patterns for entire, multitrophic communities have not been described. We studied the entire food web that inhabits the water-filled leaves of the pitcher plant Sarracenia purp ...
... Latitudinal patterns in species richness have been well documented for guilds and individual trophic groups, but comparable patterns for entire, multitrophic communities have not been described. We studied the entire food web that inhabits the water-filled leaves of the pitcher plant Sarracenia purp ...
Evolutionary food web model based on body masses gives realistic
... interactions, meaning that each species can prey on every other species. Thus, for analysis, very weak links have to be cut off in order to obtain meaningful network structures. In our networks, we removed all links that contribute less than 75% of the average link to the total resources of a consum ...
... interactions, meaning that each species can prey on every other species. Thus, for analysis, very weak links have to be cut off in order to obtain meaningful network structures. In our networks, we removed all links that contribute less than 75% of the average link to the total resources of a consum ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.