Marczak, L. B, C. - University of Houston
... whether latitudinal variation in plant quality (higher at high latitudes), consumption by omnivores (a crab, present only at low latitudes), consumption by mesopredators (ladybugs, present at all latitudes), or the life history stage of an herbivorous beetle could explain continental-scale field patt ...
... whether latitudinal variation in plant quality (higher at high latitudes), consumption by omnivores (a crab, present only at low latitudes), consumption by mesopredators (ladybugs, present at all latitudes), or the life history stage of an herbivorous beetle could explain continental-scale field patt ...
Latitudinal Variation in Top-Down and Bottom
... notulata beetles), and mesopredator (the ladybug Hippodamia convergens) and omnivore (the crab Armases cinereum) presence. All species are referred to generically hereafter. We collected Iva from five high-latitude sites and five low-latitude sites (Appendix B) and established mesocosms with two level ...
... notulata beetles), and mesopredator (the ladybug Hippodamia convergens) and omnivore (the crab Armases cinereum) presence. All species are referred to generically hereafter. We collected Iva from five high-latitude sites and five low-latitude sites (Appendix B) and established mesocosms with two level ...
Biotic and abiotic interactions controlling starfish
... a trophic imbalance between starfish and bivalves was observed. From 1985 onward, the total echinoderm biomass decreased coincidentally with an increase in the two super predators the starfish, Luidia sarsi and Luidia ciliaris. From 1986 to 1988, the primary carnivorous echinoderm biomass appeared i ...
... a trophic imbalance between starfish and bivalves was observed. From 1985 onward, the total echinoderm biomass decreased coincidentally with an increase in the two super predators the starfish, Luidia sarsi and Luidia ciliaris. From 1986 to 1988, the primary carnivorous echinoderm biomass appeared i ...
The Living World Learning Targets (Ch 3, 4, Biomes, 8)
... I can describe and give examples of different types of consumers (carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, scavengers, detritivores, and decomposers). I can illustrate and describe the flow of energy in an ecosystem using a food chain or food web. I can describe the different types of ecological pyramids ...
... I can describe and give examples of different types of consumers (carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, scavengers, detritivores, and decomposers). I can illustrate and describe the flow of energy in an ecosystem using a food chain or food web. I can describe the different types of ecological pyramids ...
Chapter 18: Interactions of Living Things
... other photosynthetic organisms live, as shown in Figure 3. By the process of photosynthesis, energy from the Sun is changed into chemical energy that is used for life processes. Most green algae live near the water’s surface where sunlight can penetrate. In dense forests where little sunlight penetr ...
... other photosynthetic organisms live, as shown in Figure 3. By the process of photosynthesis, energy from the Sun is changed into chemical energy that is used for life processes. Most green algae live near the water’s surface where sunlight can penetrate. In dense forests where little sunlight penetr ...
age of the mammoth - Lorain County Metro Parks
... 5. Describe how organisms interact with one another in various ways. Benchmark B: Analyze plant and animal structures and functions needed for survival and describe the flow of energy through a system that all organisms use to survive. Grade Three: Diversity and Interdependence of Life 2. Relate ani ...
... 5. Describe how organisms interact with one another in various ways. Benchmark B: Analyze plant and animal structures and functions needed for survival and describe the flow of energy through a system that all organisms use to survive. Grade Three: Diversity and Interdependence of Life 2. Relate ani ...
What is a Trophic Cascade? - College of Forestry
... proposing this distinction is not to promote a regressive, dichotomous view of trophic control of communities and ecosystems, but rather to distinguish between trophic processes in which the distribution and abundance of species are controlled by the negative influences of consumers on their prey on ...
... proposing this distinction is not to promote a regressive, dichotomous view of trophic control of communities and ecosystems, but rather to distinguish between trophic processes in which the distribution and abundance of species are controlled by the negative influences of consumers on their prey on ...
Ecology Unit HW
... 4. Explain why productivity declines at each trophic level & list factors that can limit productivity 6. Distinguish between energy pyramids and biomass pyramids (know units for IB exam!) 7. Draw out a. the hydrologic (water) cycle b. carbon cycle (show photosynthesis and cellular respiration on lan ...
... 4. Explain why productivity declines at each trophic level & list factors that can limit productivity 6. Distinguish between energy pyramids and biomass pyramids (know units for IB exam!) 7. Draw out a. the hydrologic (water) cycle b. carbon cycle (show photosynthesis and cellular respiration on lan ...
Regents_Bio_Stuff_files/Ecology 2008
... • In atmosphere, carbon is inorganic in the form of CO2 • Producers use CO2 to make organic compounds (photosynthesis) • Organisms break down organic compounds and release CO2 – Cell respiration for energy or decomposers produce this when breaking down detritus ...
... • In atmosphere, carbon is inorganic in the form of CO2 • Producers use CO2 to make organic compounds (photosynthesis) • Organisms break down organic compounds and release CO2 – Cell respiration for energy or decomposers produce this when breaking down detritus ...
Synthesis: comparing effects of resource and consumer fluxes into
... resource and consumer flux effect sizes were similar when they occurred between ecosystems, but when they occurred within ecosystems predator flux effects were 107% stronger than nutrient flux effects. Finally, we found that observational studies had higher effect sizes than manipulative studies. Fu ...
... resource and consumer flux effect sizes were similar when they occurred between ecosystems, but when they occurred within ecosystems predator flux effects were 107% stronger than nutrient flux effects. Finally, we found that observational studies had higher effect sizes than manipulative studies. Fu ...
Introduction - Princeton University Press
... I doubt that there is a single best way to describe an ecological system. As scientists, we carry our experience, our skill sets, and our biases with us as we try to understand the ecological world. We also target our favorite research questions, which naturally influence the perspective that we tak ...
... I doubt that there is a single best way to describe an ecological system. As scientists, we carry our experience, our skill sets, and our biases with us as we try to understand the ecological world. We also target our favorite research questions, which naturally influence the perspective that we tak ...
Reprinted - RERO DOC
... urchins are able to completely deplete kelp forests. If this concept is correct, Camerano deduced that the removal of birds would be detrimental since they destroy insects which damage crops. Bottom-up control (or donor control) refers to a situation where prey (here plants) control the density of t ...
... urchins are able to completely deplete kelp forests. If this concept is correct, Camerano deduced that the removal of birds would be detrimental since they destroy insects which damage crops. Bottom-up control (or donor control) refers to a situation where prey (here plants) control the density of t ...
Species interactions and energy transfer in aquatic food webs
... species diet uptake and trophic position are therefore needed for assessing food web dynamics. ...
... species diet uptake and trophic position are therefore needed for assessing food web dynamics. ...
Across ecosystem comparisons of size structure: methods
... size as an attribute of individuals is relatively unambiguous (at least at a given point in time) but researchers often speak of the body size of a species, which usually refers to some averaged or maximal attribute of the individuals within a species or population. The entities of interest have usu ...
... size as an attribute of individuals is relatively unambiguous (at least at a given point in time) but researchers often speak of the body size of a species, which usually refers to some averaged or maximal attribute of the individuals within a species or population. The entities of interest have usu ...
Chapter 37
... – An assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential interaction – Described by its species composition ...
... – An assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential interaction – Described by its species composition ...
Food-Web Models Predict Species Abundances in Response to Habitat Change
... assessments of extinction risk. Single-factor models also include keystone species effects, which emphasize responses of populations to changes in the abundance of a single keystone species, such as a top predator [10,11]. This framework includes much current research on habitat alterations by found ...
... assessments of extinction risk. Single-factor models also include keystone species effects, which emphasize responses of populations to changes in the abundance of a single keystone species, such as a top predator [10,11]. This framework includes much current research on habitat alterations by found ...
Ecology
... Why are the cycles important? How do organisms interact with each other? How can we show trends in populations over time? ...
... Why are the cycles important? How do organisms interact with each other? How can we show trends in populations over time? ...
Food web structure of three guilds of natural enemies: predators
... the pathogen and predator webs had similar levels of connectance. However, when a measure based on quantitative data was used the pathogen web was intermediate between the other two guilds. 6. There is evidence that a single aphid species had a particularly large effect on the structure of the patho ...
... the pathogen and predator webs had similar levels of connectance. However, when a measure based on quantitative data was used the pathogen web was intermediate between the other two guilds. 6. There is evidence that a single aphid species had a particularly large effect on the structure of the patho ...
Ecology Name: Date: 1. The diagram below illustrates the
... a) Write one or more paragraphs describing some of the relationships in this food web. In your answer, be sure to: identify a carnivore from the food web describe the complete path of energy from the Sun to that ...
... a) Write one or more paragraphs describing some of the relationships in this food web. In your answer, be sure to: identify a carnivore from the food web describe the complete path of energy from the Sun to that ...
article - American Scientist
... derive energy from the sun or chemicals in seawater. Phytoplankton, seaweeds and sulfur bacteria are primary producers. Herbivores occupy the second trophic level because they eat primary producers. Carnivores occupy the third because they eat herbivores. The top species is called the apex predator. ...
... derive energy from the sun or chemicals in seawater. Phytoplankton, seaweeds and sulfur bacteria are primary producers. Herbivores occupy the second trophic level because they eat primary producers. Carnivores occupy the third because they eat herbivores. The top species is called the apex predator. ...
Applications, Considerations, and Sources of Uncertainty When
... mean estimates of sources and mixtures; this problem has been overcome by the recent development of mixing model theory and software that covers a variety of scenarios for which such mixing models are appropriate. These include standard one-isotope, two-source, and two-isotope, threesource models (I ...
... mean estimates of sources and mixtures; this problem has been overcome by the recent development of mixing model theory and software that covers a variety of scenarios for which such mixing models are appropriate. These include standard one-isotope, two-source, and two-isotope, threesource models (I ...
ECOLOGY REVIEW By Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology
... Which organisms make up the first trophic level in all food webs and food chains? Autotrophs/producers Essential knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of m ...
... Which organisms make up the first trophic level in all food webs and food chains? Autotrophs/producers Essential knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of m ...
![Unit 9 in Entomology [1] We`ve learned what insects are, how they](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/016389718_1-613b95cc93e4b2fe0b62a99a5f4e4158-300x300.png)
Unit 9 in Entomology [1] We`ve learned what insects are, how they
... Let's take a look at the diagram. Here, we have sample site one, where we’ll collect insect samples, sample site two and a southerly river flow. So when sampling, there are several common indicators to consider. Mayflies indicate an increase in particulate matter. That means that there's some form o ...
... Let's take a look at the diagram. Here, we have sample site one, where we’ll collect insect samples, sample site two and a southerly river flow. So when sampling, there are several common indicators to consider. Mayflies indicate an increase in particulate matter. That means that there's some form o ...
The roles of productivity and ecosystem size in determining food
... have been considered to explain natural variation in the length of food chains. Much remains unknown about the role of these various drivers in determining food chain length, and particularly about the mechanisms by which they may operate in terrestrial ecosystems, which have quite different ecologi ...
... have been considered to explain natural variation in the length of food chains. Much remains unknown about the role of these various drivers in determining food chain length, and particularly about the mechanisms by which they may operate in terrestrial ecosystems, which have quite different ecologi ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.