Chapter 3 The Biosphere
... Carnivores eat animals. Omnivores eat both plants and animals. Detritivores feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter. • Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, break down organic matter. ...
... Carnivores eat animals. Omnivores eat both plants and animals. Detritivores feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter. • Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, break down organic matter. ...
Ecology Objective Sheet
... between photosynthesizers and chemosynthesizers, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Be able to draw and understand a food web. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors? List three important physical factors and three important chemical factors that have large effects on ...
... between photosynthesizers and chemosynthesizers, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Be able to draw and understand a food web. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors? List three important physical factors and three important chemical factors that have large effects on ...
Israa Dorgham
... One major controversy the paper by Hairston et al. has incited is the debate on whether herbivores and carnivores can be considered alone without reference to other trophic levels. Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be p ...
... One major controversy the paper by Hairston et al. has incited is the debate on whether herbivores and carnivores can be considered alone without reference to other trophic levels. Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be p ...
Israa Dorgham
... One major controversy the paper by Hairston et al. has incited is the debate on whether herbivores and carnivores can be considered alone without reference to other trophic levels. Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be p ...
... One major controversy the paper by Hairston et al. has incited is the debate on whether herbivores and carnivores can be considered alone without reference to other trophic levels. Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be p ...
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
... – Decomposers are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds. ...
... – Decomposers are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds. ...
Ecosystem Dynamics
... 32. There are a wide variety of different environments on earth. 33. To help make sense of these many different environments, ecologists have found it useful to divide the world into ecological systems called ecosystems. 34. You Decide! What is an ecosystem? 35. An ecosystem, such as this salt marsh ...
... 32. There are a wide variety of different environments on earth. 33. To help make sense of these many different environments, ecologists have found it useful to divide the world into ecological systems called ecosystems. 34. You Decide! What is an ecosystem? 35. An ecosystem, such as this salt marsh ...
Predator-Prey Relationships
... eggshells, inability to reproduce, and death by pesticide poisoning. The bald eagle, brown pelican, and peregrine falcon were placed on the endangered species list because of their severe population depletions. Because of this environmental barometer, people have begun to realize the potential dange ...
... eggshells, inability to reproduce, and death by pesticide poisoning. The bald eagle, brown pelican, and peregrine falcon were placed on the endangered species list because of their severe population depletions. Because of this environmental barometer, people have begun to realize the potential dange ...
Unit Three - Montana State University Extended University
... Energy is gathered chemically by living organisms. What does that mean? Energy can be stored in chemical bonds to be released later. It's a bit like stretching a rubber band or compressing a spring, except that it's done at an atomic level. For example, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a very stable, "low-en ...
... Energy is gathered chemically by living organisms. What does that mean? Energy can be stored in chemical bonds to be released later. It's a bit like stretching a rubber band or compressing a spring, except that it's done at an atomic level. For example, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a very stable, "low-en ...
Israa Dorgham
... One major controversy the paper by Hairston et al. has incited is the debate on whether herbivores and carnivores can be considered alone without reference to other trophic levels. Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be p ...
... One major controversy the paper by Hairston et al. has incited is the debate on whether herbivores and carnivores can be considered alone without reference to other trophic levels. Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be p ...
Parallel ecological networks in ecosystems Olff, Han
... indirect effects among species that characterize ecological networks are probably missed. Inclusion of nontrophic interactions broadens food web studies to the analysis of interaction webs. Secondly, food web studies have often been too system specific, and we need a more general ‘template’ of funct ...
... indirect effects among species that characterize ecological networks are probably missed. Inclusion of nontrophic interactions broadens food web studies to the analysis of interaction webs. Secondly, food web studies have often been too system specific, and we need a more general ‘template’ of funct ...
Parallel ecological networks in ecosystems
... indirect effects among species that characterize ecological networks are probably missed. Inclusion of nontrophic interactions broadens food web studies to the analysis of interaction webs. Secondly, food web studies have often been too system specific, and we need a more general ‘template’ of funct ...
... indirect effects among species that characterize ecological networks are probably missed. Inclusion of nontrophic interactions broadens food web studies to the analysis of interaction webs. Secondly, food web studies have often been too system specific, and we need a more general ‘template’ of funct ...
The structure of community ecology - Botany, UBC
... Random changes in the relative frequencies of species. Dispersal: Movement of organisms/propagules among communities. Selection: Deterministic differential survival or reproduction of species. ...
... Random changes in the relative frequencies of species. Dispersal: Movement of organisms/propagules among communities. Selection: Deterministic differential survival or reproduction of species. ...
CH04_SU04
... • Productivity depends on light levels, temperature, moisture, and nutrient availability. • Primary productivity - a community’s rate of biomass production, or the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy stored in living (or once-living organisms) • Net primary productivity - primary produc ...
... • Productivity depends on light levels, temperature, moisture, and nutrient availability. • Primary productivity - a community’s rate of biomass production, or the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy stored in living (or once-living organisms) • Net primary productivity - primary produc ...
Heterotrophic Nutrition
... To live together; a condition in which two animals, two plants, or a plant and an animal live in partnership. The relationship can be that of commensalism, where one organism benefits from activities of the other; parasitism, where one organism lives on another to the detriment of its host; or mutua ...
... To live together; a condition in which two animals, two plants, or a plant and an animal live in partnership. The relationship can be that of commensalism, where one organism benefits from activities of the other; parasitism, where one organism lives on another to the detriment of its host; or mutua ...
curriculum map
... Explain how land changes through the process of succession. (Natural) Describe how human activities and natural events alter the process of succession. Identify how human actions change environmental conditions and lead to sources of pollution. Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem (wate ...
... Explain how land changes through the process of succession. (Natural) Describe how human activities and natural events alter the process of succession. Identify how human actions change environmental conditions and lead to sources of pollution. Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem (wate ...
Unit 2 Lesson 1 Overview of Ecology
... human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. 6.3 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels. Describe how relationships among organisms (predation, parasitism, competition, comme ...
... human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. 6.3 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels. Describe how relationships among organisms (predation, parasitism, competition, comme ...
Lesson 8: Ecosystems, Genetics and Evolution
... and sexual reproduction. During the summer, aphid populations grow quickly by asexual reproduction. As winter approaches, aphids switch to sexual reproduction. What advantage does the switch to sexual reproduction give the aphids? A. Sexual reproduction maintains a constant level of variation in the ...
... and sexual reproduction. During the summer, aphid populations grow quickly by asexual reproduction. As winter approaches, aphids switch to sexual reproduction. What advantage does the switch to sexual reproduction give the aphids? A. Sexual reproduction maintains a constant level of variation in the ...
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling
... indirect effects among species that characterize ecological networks are probably missed. Inclusion of nontrophic interactions broadens food web studies to the analysis of interaction webs. Secondly, food web studies have often been too system specific, and we need a more general ‘template’ of funct ...
... indirect effects among species that characterize ecological networks are probably missed. Inclusion of nontrophic interactions broadens food web studies to the analysis of interaction webs. Secondly, food web studies have often been too system specific, and we need a more general ‘template’ of funct ...
Ecosystems - Oxford University Press
... the future. Photosynthesis provides all the energy they require and therefore plants are autotrophic (‘auto’ meaning ‘self’ and ‘troph’ meaning ‘nutrition’). ...
... the future. Photosynthesis provides all the energy they require and therefore plants are autotrophic (‘auto’ meaning ‘self’ and ‘troph’ meaning ‘nutrition’). ...
Competition for food in macroplankton animals in the Vistula
... All procedures (measurements of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates, expositions for measuring defecation rate) were carried out in the natural sea water from the Lagoon in the thermostats with temperature of 12oC and salinity 2.5 PSU. Consumption or daily food ration or daily energy requ ...
... All procedures (measurements of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates, expositions for measuring defecation rate) were carried out in the natural sea water from the Lagoon in the thermostats with temperature of 12oC and salinity 2.5 PSU. Consumption or daily food ration or daily energy requ ...
Trophic interactions in an arid ecosystem: From decomposers to top
... that large herbivores promote in dry areas via ANPP removal, trampling, and dung deposition, are poorly understood (see Sankaran and Augustine, 2004). In general dry areas have poor soils, and ungulate feces represent a considerable input of nutrients that probably overcomes the amount of nutrients ...
... that large herbivores promote in dry areas via ANPP removal, trampling, and dung deposition, are poorly understood (see Sankaran and Augustine, 2004). In general dry areas have poor soils, and ungulate feces represent a considerable input of nutrients that probably overcomes the amount of nutrients ...
Study Guide - Reeths
... eutrophication. Include the following: Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fish, algae, nutrients, oxygen Ecosystems G. Explain how energy flows through a Michigan ecosystem (marsh, swamp, lake, hardwood forest) accounting for energy lost to the environment. Include at least one of the following: produc ...
... eutrophication. Include the following: Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fish, algae, nutrients, oxygen Ecosystems G. Explain how energy flows through a Michigan ecosystem (marsh, swamp, lake, hardwood forest) accounting for energy lost to the environment. Include at least one of the following: produc ...
Day 1 (Aug - GCHS PL-CS Program Review 13-14
... Unit Organizer: In what ways do organisms interact with each other and their environment? Essential Questions: What is the ultimate external source of energy for all living things? If this source was no longer available, are there any alternatives that could be utilized? How could limited reso ...
... Unit Organizer: In what ways do organisms interact with each other and their environment? Essential Questions: What is the ultimate external source of energy for all living things? If this source was no longer available, are there any alternatives that could be utilized? How could limited reso ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.