Mechanisms to synchronize neuronal activity
... had varying directions of motion. And indeed, information contained in the mean ®ring rate of single neurons was sucient to explain the performance of the animal to discriminating stimulus movement in the preferred direction of the neuron from the opposite direction (Newsome et al. 1989). Although ...
... had varying directions of motion. And indeed, information contained in the mean ®ring rate of single neurons was sucient to explain the performance of the animal to discriminating stimulus movement in the preferred direction of the neuron from the opposite direction (Newsome et al. 1989). Although ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... – Ethical and legal issues surround decisions on whether person is dead or alive ...
... – Ethical and legal issues surround decisions on whether person is dead or alive ...
PREFERENTIAL POTENTIATION OF WEAKER INPUTS TO PRIMARY
... The ability of the brain to store information and adapt to changes in the sensory environment stem from the capability of neurons to change their communication with other neurons (“synaptic plasticity”). However, the ability of synapses to change (e.g., strengthen) is profoundly influenced by variou ...
... The ability of the brain to store information and adapt to changes in the sensory environment stem from the capability of neurons to change their communication with other neurons (“synaptic plasticity”). However, the ability of synapses to change (e.g., strengthen) is profoundly influenced by variou ...
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... or states of the world, by using a reward prediction error signal provided by dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. The dorsal striatum (the ‘Actor’), in turn, learns the values of different actions in these states, based on a similar dopaminergic prediction error signal originating in ...
... or states of the world, by using a reward prediction error signal provided by dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. The dorsal striatum (the ‘Actor’), in turn, learns the values of different actions in these states, based on a similar dopaminergic prediction error signal originating in ...
Neurotransmitters: Their Role Within the Body
... drugs exert their effects by altering the actions of some neurotransmitter system, and the great majority of these act through transmitters other than glutamate or GABA. Addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, and heroin, for example, exert their effects primarily on the dopamine system. ...
... drugs exert their effects by altering the actions of some neurotransmitter system, and the great majority of these act through transmitters other than glutamate or GABA. Addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, and heroin, for example, exert their effects primarily on the dopamine system. ...
The response of cat visual cortex to flicker stimuli of variable frequency
... additional peaks of smaller amplitude which occurred at regular intervals between the principal peaks. The amplitude of these additional peaks varied with stimulus frequency and could even differ between recording sites for a given flicker frequency. Typically, the number of additional peaks ranged ...
... additional peaks of smaller amplitude which occurred at regular intervals between the principal peaks. The amplitude of these additional peaks varied with stimulus frequency and could even differ between recording sites for a given flicker frequency. Typically, the number of additional peaks ranged ...
1 Neural Affective Decision Theory: Choices, Brains, and Emotions
... that regard emotions as reactions to somatic changes (James, 1894; Damasio, 1994). It also fits with some cognitive theories of emotions, which regard them as judgments about the extent to which ones goals are being satisfied (Oatley, 1992). From a neurological perspective, it is easy to see how emo ...
... that regard emotions as reactions to somatic changes (James, 1894; Damasio, 1994). It also fits with some cognitive theories of emotions, which regard them as judgments about the extent to which ones goals are being satisfied (Oatley, 1992). From a neurological perspective, it is easy to see how emo ...
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
... Two special types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, generate a layer of fatty substances called myelin. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system); Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the pe ...
... Two special types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, generate a layer of fatty substances called myelin. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system); Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the pe ...
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... Guiding the expression of plastic changes in a direction that facilitates recovery of function is a primary goal of neurological rehabilitation. As the rules that govern neural plasticity become better understood, it will be possible to manipulate the sensory and motor experience of patients to indu ...
... Guiding the expression of plastic changes in a direction that facilitates recovery of function is a primary goal of neurological rehabilitation. As the rules that govern neural plasticity become better understood, it will be possible to manipulate the sensory and motor experience of patients to indu ...
Aberrant changes of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in brain of a
... lobe cortex, SST and NPY concentrations were both much higher than normal rats, whereas in TRM cerebellum, neither of them was changed in comparison to the control group. These results were similar with what we discovered via RT-PCR. The distributions of SST and NPY in TRM brains Immunohistochemical ...
... lobe cortex, SST and NPY concentrations were both much higher than normal rats, whereas in TRM cerebellum, neither of them was changed in comparison to the control group. These results were similar with what we discovered via RT-PCR. The distributions of SST and NPY in TRM brains Immunohistochemical ...
BIO 218 F 2012 Ch 15 Martini Lecture Outline
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
Biology 218 – Human Anatomy Lecture Outline Adapted from Martini
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
... If the tract name begins with “spino” (as in spinocerebellar), the tract is a sensory tract delivering information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum (in this case) If the tract name ends with “spinal” (as in vestibulospinal), the tract is a motor tract that delivers information from the vestibu ...
Cerebellar Affective Syndrome Expanding Our Thinking About the
... Studies by Neau (Acta Neurol Scand, 2000) and others showed deficits in EF, spatial cognition, attention, and some language tasks Single case reports have shown pts with right cerebellar infarct develop impairments of linguistic processing including agrammatism and decreased verbal fluency. ...
... Studies by Neau (Acta Neurol Scand, 2000) and others showed deficits in EF, spatial cognition, attention, and some language tasks Single case reports have shown pts with right cerebellar infarct develop impairments of linguistic processing including agrammatism and decreased verbal fluency. ...
Transcripts/01_15 11
... (except olfaction) is relayed to the cortex via the thalamus. The recurring theme is that almost everything on its way to the cortex goes through the thalamus, not just sensory but other things as well. ii. Motor: The descending motor pathways and the corticospinal tract don’t go through the thalamu ...
... (except olfaction) is relayed to the cortex via the thalamus. The recurring theme is that almost everything on its way to the cortex goes through the thalamus, not just sensory but other things as well. ii. Motor: The descending motor pathways and the corticospinal tract don’t go through the thalamu ...
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
actively spiking compared with non-spiking human epileptic
... their ability to reduce brain aspartic acid levels. These experimental data taken together with our present biochemical findings suggest the possibility of enhanced aspartic acid synthesis and neuronal release in actively spiking (but not with convulsions) epileptic human brain. This receives some a ...
... their ability to reduce brain aspartic acid levels. These experimental data taken together with our present biochemical findings suggest the possibility of enhanced aspartic acid synthesis and neuronal release in actively spiking (but not with convulsions) epileptic human brain. This receives some a ...
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1184
... by highly distracting stimuli presented during the delay period, or if it breaks down spontaneously, the animal is highly likely to make an error (Fig. 1b)2, 5, 7. This persistent activity in PFC neurons could carry information about previously encountered stimuli or future responses required to sol ...
... by highly distracting stimuli presented during the delay period, or if it breaks down spontaneously, the animal is highly likely to make an error (Fig. 1b)2, 5, 7. This persistent activity in PFC neurons could carry information about previously encountered stimuli or future responses required to sol ...
Studying the topological organization of the cerebral blood flow
... The ASL technique has been utilized to measure dynamic, spontaneous CBF changes in resting state (Biswal et al., 1997; Chuang et al., 2008; De Luca et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2009). The pioneer study developed by Biswal et al. (1997) demonstrated that the spontaneous low frequency (b0.1 Hz) flow weight ...
... The ASL technique has been utilized to measure dynamic, spontaneous CBF changes in resting state (Biswal et al., 1997; Chuang et al., 2008; De Luca et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2009). The pioneer study developed by Biswal et al. (1997) demonstrated that the spontaneous low frequency (b0.1 Hz) flow weight ...
Pain relief produces negative reinforcement through activation of
... appetitive rewards promote an efflux of dopamine in the NAc (15, 16). It has been suggested that NAc neurons signal reward value and participate in behavioral decision making (17–21). We hypothesized that relief of ongoing pain would activate the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and that such activation i ...
... appetitive rewards promote an efflux of dopamine in the NAc (15, 16). It has been suggested that NAc neurons signal reward value and participate in behavioral decision making (17–21). We hypothesized that relief of ongoing pain would activate the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and that such activation i ...
Mind Lectures 2
... Problem: Even if everything at the fundamental level is conscious, we still have a further question – How do little bits of consciousness compose together to form conscious experience? Are there any laws that govern when a composition of conscious parts constitutes a composite of consciousness? ...
... Problem: Even if everything at the fundamental level is conscious, we still have a further question – How do little bits of consciousness compose together to form conscious experience? Are there any laws that govern when a composition of conscious parts constitutes a composite of consciousness? ...
Heterogeneous Integration of Bilateral Whisker Signals by Neurons
... is the first place where bilateral whisker sensory afferents converge (Erzurumlu and Kilacky 1980; Smith 1973; Waite 1969). Accordingly, Shuler et al. (2002) found that intact S1 cortex in both hemispheres was required for successful performance of a bilateral tactile discrimination task. If S1 is a ...
... is the first place where bilateral whisker sensory afferents converge (Erzurumlu and Kilacky 1980; Smith 1973; Waite 1969). Accordingly, Shuler et al. (2002) found that intact S1 cortex in both hemispheres was required for successful performance of a bilateral tactile discrimination task. If S1 is a ...
Time perception
Time perception is a field of study within psychology and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and continuous unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Another person's perception of time cannot be directly experienced or understood, but it can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Time perception is a construction of the brain that is manipulable and distortable under certain circumstances. These temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.Pioneering work, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer. Experimental work began under the influence of the psycho-physical notions of Gustav Theodor Fechner with studies of the relationship between perceived and measured time.