Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... of identifiable layers, the presence or absence of layer IV, neuronal density, and others. For example, areas that have fewer than six layers are different in type than areas that have six layers. To use an analogy, grouping by cortical type is like grouping people by similar height or weight. The p ...
... of identifiable layers, the presence or absence of layer IV, neuronal density, and others. For example, areas that have fewer than six layers are different in type than areas that have six layers. To use an analogy, grouping by cortical type is like grouping people by similar height or weight. The p ...
Cortical connections of the visuomotor parietooccipital
... (Hamilton, Reno, NV), depending on the amount of the injected tracer. In all cases, injections were carried out by releasing several small amounts of tracer around the center of the cortical depth. Each release was 0.02 or 0.2 l depending of total amount of tracer to be injected and was made over a ...
... (Hamilton, Reno, NV), depending on the amount of the injected tracer. In all cases, injections were carried out by releasing several small amounts of tracer around the center of the cortical depth. Each release was 0.02 or 0.2 l depending of total amount of tracer to be injected and was made over a ...
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... in which the amygdala merely represents the motivational significance of a stimulus in a valencenonspecific and spatial-nonspecific manner cannot explain these data due to the spatial dependence of these correlations. If an amygdala neuron merely represents motivational significance then correlation ...
... in which the amygdala merely represents the motivational significance of a stimulus in a valencenonspecific and spatial-nonspecific manner cannot explain these data due to the spatial dependence of these correlations. If an amygdala neuron merely represents motivational significance then correlation ...
BrainFacts.org A P R I M E R ...
... Gene-environment Interactions Most major diseases have a genetic basis strongly influenced by the environment. For example, identical twins, who share the same DNA, have an increased risk of getting the same disease compared with nonidentical siblings. However, if one twin gets the disease, the prob ...
... Gene-environment Interactions Most major diseases have a genetic basis strongly influenced by the environment. For example, identical twins, who share the same DNA, have an increased risk of getting the same disease compared with nonidentical siblings. However, if one twin gets the disease, the prob ...
primer on brain facts - Chicago Society of Neuroscience
... Gene-environment Interactions Most major diseases have a genetic basis strongly influenced by the environment. For example, identical twins, who share the same DNA, have an increased risk of getting the same disease compared with nonidentical siblings. However, if one twin gets the disease, the prob ...
... Gene-environment Interactions Most major diseases have a genetic basis strongly influenced by the environment. For example, identical twins, who share the same DNA, have an increased risk of getting the same disease compared with nonidentical siblings. However, if one twin gets the disease, the prob ...
a Primer on the Brain and Nervous System
... Gene-environment Interactions Most major diseases have a genetic basis strongly influenced by the environment. For example, identical twins, who share the same DNA, have an increased risk of getting the same disease compared with nonidentical siblings. However, if one twin gets the disease, the prob ...
... Gene-environment Interactions Most major diseases have a genetic basis strongly influenced by the environment. For example, identical twins, who share the same DNA, have an increased risk of getting the same disease compared with nonidentical siblings. However, if one twin gets the disease, the prob ...
The Resilience of Computationalism - Philsci
... formulation is entirely adequate for the role computationalism plays in science. Scientists who carry out computationalist research programs offer computational explanations of cognitive tasks. Such explanations are usually formulated in terms of computations over representations, presupposing some ...
... formulation is entirely adequate for the role computationalism plays in science. Scientists who carry out computationalist research programs offer computational explanations of cognitive tasks. Such explanations are usually formulated in terms of computations over representations, presupposing some ...
pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus
... in the context of the four-region model showed prominent brain activation during both sad and happy emotions. The sACC is activated during sad events; whereas when individuals experience happy emotions, the pregenual ACC (pACC)17, which is located in a rostral position in the ACC, is activated. In t ...
... in the context of the four-region model showed prominent brain activation during both sad and happy emotions. The sACC is activated during sad events; whereas when individuals experience happy emotions, the pregenual ACC (pACC)17, which is located in a rostral position in the ACC, is activated. In t ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... Statistics We used the Matlab Statistics Toolbox for statistical analyses. In each case a significance level of P < 0.05 was used. Probability density estimate (PDE) of the volume of all boutons was obtained by nonparametric Gaussian smoothing. The PDE is estimated by placing a Gaussian kernel functi ...
... Statistics We used the Matlab Statistics Toolbox for statistical analyses. In each case a significance level of P < 0.05 was used. Probability density estimate (PDE) of the volume of all boutons was obtained by nonparametric Gaussian smoothing. The PDE is estimated by placing a Gaussian kernel functi ...
fulltext
... Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 (VGLUT2) packages glutamate into presynaptic vesicles for axonal terminal release. In this thesis, VGLUT2 was used to specifically target cell populations within the basal ganglia of mice with the purpose of investigating its connectivity, function and involvement i ...
... Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 (VGLUT2) packages glutamate into presynaptic vesicles for axonal terminal release. In this thesis, VGLUT2 was used to specifically target cell populations within the basal ganglia of mice with the purpose of investigating its connectivity, function and involvement i ...
Chapter 1
... Visual Expectations • Infants not only see forms and figures at an early age, but develop expectations about future events in their world. • When presented with a predicable sequence of pictures, 3-month-olds began to anticipate the location of the pictures. • These infants formed these expectation ...
... Visual Expectations • Infants not only see forms and figures at an early age, but develop expectations about future events in their world. • When presented with a predicable sequence of pictures, 3-month-olds began to anticipate the location of the pictures. • These infants formed these expectation ...
The Dorsal Visual System Predicts Future and Remembers Past Eye
... the lateral and ventral intraparietal areas (LIP, VIP), and the middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas. As reported previously, neurons showed tonic eye-position-related activity during fixation. In addition, they showed a variety of transient changes in activity around the ti ...
... the lateral and ventral intraparietal areas (LIP, VIP), and the middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas. As reported previously, neurons showed tonic eye-position-related activity during fixation. In addition, they showed a variety of transient changes in activity around the ti ...
Three-dimensional auditory localization in the
... Behavioral performances of big brown bats in the jitter discrimination tasks. Bats are capable of discriminating jittered time-delay not only in the microsecond level (e), but also in the nanosecond level (d). Moreover, the behavioral performances change in a way as would be predicted by the amplitu ...
... Behavioral performances of big brown bats in the jitter discrimination tasks. Bats are capable of discriminating jittered time-delay not only in the microsecond level (e), but also in the nanosecond level (d). Moreover, the behavioral performances change in a way as would be predicted by the amplitu ...
14132.full - Explore Bristol Research
... functions (e.g., cardiorespiratory adjustments) and sensory processing (e.g., modulation of pain processing) that accompany defense are well understood (Lovick and Bandler, 2005); however, little is known of the neural circuits that mediate the characteristic motor responses associated with vlPAG ac ...
... functions (e.g., cardiorespiratory adjustments) and sensory processing (e.g., modulation of pain processing) that accompany defense are well understood (Lovick and Bandler, 2005); however, little is known of the neural circuits that mediate the characteristic motor responses associated with vlPAG ac ...
REPRESENTATION OF CENTRAL VISUAL FIELDS IN
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
... Discrete lesions were made in the primary visual cortex of 8 monkey hemispheres. None of these lesions involved white matter. In some monkeys the cortical lesion was fairly superficial, involving layers 1-4, whereas in others the lesions were slightly deeper, involving all 6 layers. There did not ap ...
Somatotopic mapping of natural upper- and lower
... the inclusion threshold. Trials were selected only when the patients did not move and there were no strong background noises (e.g., objects falling, the telephone ringing) or other people's speech throughout the period of at least 1 s before and at least 1 s after speech onset. Using these criteria, ...
... the inclusion threshold. Trials were selected only when the patients did not move and there were no strong background noises (e.g., objects falling, the telephone ringing) or other people's speech throughout the period of at least 1 s before and at least 1 s after speech onset. Using these criteria, ...
Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Dysfunctions
... on D2 receptors was also brought into question by findings showing that clozapine had superior efficacy for patients who were refractory to other antipsychotic drugs despite the fact that clozapine has relatively low affinity and occupancy at D2 receptors [11-13]. Furthermore, the postmortem studies ...
... on D2 receptors was also brought into question by findings showing that clozapine had superior efficacy for patients who were refractory to other antipsychotic drugs despite the fact that clozapine has relatively low affinity and occupancy at D2 receptors [11-13]. Furthermore, the postmortem studies ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
... them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide ...
Basal Ganglia objectives - NBio401
... -Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, exe ...
... -Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, exe ...
C:\Vision\15Higher level Pt 2.wpd
... in research related to the maximum performance of the human visual system. The system contains components and circuits that are either rudimentary or absent in these lower species. With an understanding of these new elements and mechanisms, a new Chapter 19 on the Mechanisms and Capabilities of Read ...
... in research related to the maximum performance of the human visual system. The system contains components and circuits that are either rudimentary or absent in these lower species. With an understanding of these new elements and mechanisms, a new Chapter 19 on the Mechanisms and Capabilities of Read ...
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working
... 1986). The GPi and SNr circuits are functionally analogous (although they have different subcortical targets), so we consider them as one functional entity. Both the frontal cortex and the striatum also receive inputs from various areas of the posterior/sensory cortex. There are also other pathways ...
... 1986). The GPi and SNr circuits are functionally analogous (although they have different subcortical targets), so we consider them as one functional entity. Both the frontal cortex and the striatum also receive inputs from various areas of the posterior/sensory cortex. There are also other pathways ...
Parallel Transformation of Tactile Signals in Central Circuits of
... modifications. Flies were cold-anesthetized and fixed to the underside of a custom-milled steel platform (0.001” thickness). The fly was mounted with its ventral side facing up, using UV-cured glue (KOA 300, Kemxert). The ventral head and anterior thorax were partly inserted through a hole in the pl ...
... modifications. Flies were cold-anesthetized and fixed to the underside of a custom-milled steel platform (0.001” thickness). The fly was mounted with its ventral side facing up, using UV-cured glue (KOA 300, Kemxert). The ventral head and anterior thorax were partly inserted through a hole in the pl ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
Time perception
Time perception is a field of study within psychology and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and continuous unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Another person's perception of time cannot be directly experienced or understood, but it can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Time perception is a construction of the brain that is manipulable and distortable under certain circumstances. These temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.Pioneering work, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer. Experimental work began under the influence of the psycho-physical notions of Gustav Theodor Fechner with studies of the relationship between perceived and measured time.