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Full Press Release - The Open University
Full Press Release - The Open University

... coming from both the massive star at the centre of the nebula and the newly born stars in the dense gas itself, and emits infrared light. The formation of a new generation of stars is now taking place within this compressed gas in these outer shell structures. The AKARI data reveals for the first ti ...
Galaxy1
Galaxy1

... • M 82 is smaller than M 81 yet it is producing stars at an enormous rate. Ten times faster than the Milky Way is producing stars. • Most of the erupted gas is coming from supernova explosions. This is star formation on steroids. • Why do you think this little galaxy is producing stars so rapidly? ...
A Brief guide to the night Skies for those who know nothing
A Brief guide to the night Skies for those who know nothing

... but then begins to fade as collapse continues still further - but more slowly - and the central region becomes hotter and hotter. At a temperature of about 10 million k, nuclear fusion begins to take place within the core, providing the energy which will keep the star shining for many millions of ye ...
CH10.AST1001.F16.EDS
CH10.AST1001.F16.EDS

... • Planets show huge diversity in size and density. • Some massive planets, called hot Jupiters, orbit very close to their stars. ...
Where to Look: Habitable Zones
Where to Look: Habitable Zones

... “The receipt of a message from an advanced civilization will show that there are advanced civilizations, that there are methods of avoiding the self-destruction that seems so real a danger of our present technological adolescence. Finding a solution to a problem is helped enormously by the certain k ...
Citizen Sky Epsilon Aurigae Script for Fulldome Planetariums
Citizen Sky Epsilon Aurigae Script for Fulldome Planetariums

A Brief History of the Solar System
A Brief History of the Solar System

... Therefore, at the breaking point of rotation when the centrifugal force is balanced by the gravitational pull, the matter in the equatorial plane only rotates around the central high-density region called the protostar and does not move towards the center of the system. All the remaining matter fall ...
General Astrophysics And Comparative Planetology
General Astrophysics And Comparative Planetology

... was reduced when Pluto’s icy nature was guessed. Finally the Charon-Pluto eclipses during the late 1980s constrained Pluto’s radius to be much smaller—0.18 Earth radii. Sedna is a recently discovered small body in a highly elliptical orbit; it is currently 90 AU from the Sun. A nondetection of Sedna ...
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HR Diagram, Star Clusters, and Stellar Evolution

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Chapter 2 Astronomy Notes
Chapter 2 Astronomy Notes

... (TNOs) discovered increased, astronomers found more and more bodies that approached Pluto in size. Many began to question the continued inclusion of Pluto as a planet. If Pluto was a planet, it seemed inevitable that a number of TNOs would eventually be counted as planets as well, and the Solar Syst ...
Gravity Defied From Potato Asteroids to Magnetised Neutron Stars
Gravity Defied From Potato Asteroids to Magnetised Neutron Stars

... • Giant molecular clouds of gas and dust begin with a mass of ∼ 103 − −106 M and an initial composition of hydrogen with a small mixture of helium, molecular hydrogen, water, and silicates. • The clouds collapse gravitationally and fragment into clumps. The small clouds stick together and grow thro ...
The Formation of Planetary Systems
The Formation of Planetary Systems

... same as the direction in which the Sun rotates on its axis. Virtually all the large-scale motions in the solar system (other than comets’ orbits) are in the same plane and in the same sense. The plane is that of the Sun’s equator, and the sense is that of the Sun’s rotation. 5. The direction in whic ...
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DOC - Lunar and Planetary Institute
DOC - Lunar and Planetary Institute

... Background The atmospheres of the giant planets hold clues to the chemical nature of the refractory materials from which the original planetary cores formed, the surrounding protosolar nebula, and the subsequent formation and evolution of atmospheres. These clues can be derived from the composition, ...
PLANETS
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... This disk around Beta Pictoris is probably connected with a planetary system. The disk does not start at the star. Rather, its inner edge begins around 25 AU away, farther than the average orbital distance of Uranus in the Solar System. Its outer edge appears to extend as far out as 550 AUs away fro ...
PPT - IAC
PPT - IAC

Nonlinear Tides in Exoplanet Host Stars - CIERA
Nonlinear Tides in Exoplanet Host Stars - CIERA

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... Humans have always wondered if life exists elsewhere in the universe. Such life could take many forms, including some very different from our own, but because we only have information about Earth-life (carbon-based organisms) we may as well start by looking for life like us. This means we can test n ...
Stellar Metamorphosis as Alternative to Nebular Hypothesis
Stellar Metamorphosis as Alternative to Nebular Hypothesis

observingnebulaeclusters-1
observingnebulaeclusters-1

... we oftennote the density of stars, their age and their chemical composition (as revealed by their spectra ). Young Star clusters also often exhibit nebulous trails of gas and dust which emanate from members that are still in the process of becoming stars! Also, those young stars often continue to ra ...
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New Indivisible Planetary Science Paradigm J. Marvin Herndon

... The first hypothesis about the origin of the Sun and the planets was advanced in the latter half of the 18th Century by Immanuel Kant and modified later by Pierre-Simon de Laplace. Early in the 20th Century, Laplace’s nebula hypothesis was replaced with the Chamberlin-Moulton hypothesis which held t ...
of the Sun
of the Sun

... The History of the Universe in 200 Words or Less Quantum fluctuation. Inflation. Expansion. Strong nuclear interaction. Particleantiparticle annihilation. Deuterium and helium production. Density perturbations. Recombination. Blackbody radiation. Local contraction. Cluster formation. Reionization? ...
Blowin` in the wind: both `negative` and `positive` feedback in an
Blowin` in the wind: both `negative` and `positive` feedback in an

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Nebular hypothesis

The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System. It suggests that the Solar System formed from nebulous material. The theory was developed by Immanuel Kant and published in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heaven. Originally applied to our own Solar System, this process of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the universe. The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) or simply solar nebular model. This nebular hypothesis offered explanations for a variety of properties of the Solar System, including the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets, and their motion in the same direction as the Sun's rotation. Some elements of the nebular hypothesis are echoed in modern theories of planetary formation, but most elements have been superseded.According to the nebular hypothesis, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC). These clouds are gravitationally unstable, and matter coalesces within them to smaller denser clumps, which then rotate, collapse, and form stars. Star formation is a complex process, which always produces a gaseous protoplanetary disk around the young star. This may give birth to planets in certain circumstances, which are not well known. Thus the formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A Sun-like star usually takes approximately 1 million years to form, with the protoplanetary disk evolving into a planetary system over the next 10-100 million years.The protoplanetary disk is an accretion disk that feeds the central star. Initially very hot, the disk later cools in what is known as the T tauri star stage; here, formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ice is possible. The grains eventually may coagulate into kilometer-sized planetesimals. If the disk is massive enough, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the rapid—100,000 to 300,000 years—formation of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos. Near the star, the planetary embryos go through a stage of violent mergers, producing a few terrestrial planets. The last stage takes approximately 100 million to a billion years.The formation of giant planets is a more complicated process. It is thought to occur beyond the so-called frost line, where planetary embryos mainly are made of various types of ice. As a result, they are several times more massive than in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk. What follows after the embryo formation is not completely clear. Some embryos appear to continue to grow and eventually reach 5–10 Earth masses—the threshold value, which is necessary to begin accretion of the hydrogen–helium gas from the disk. The accumulation of gas by the core is initially a slow process, which continues for several million years, but after the forming protoplanet reaches about 30 Earth masses (M⊕) it accelerates and proceeds in a runaway manner. Jupiter- and Saturn-like planets are thought to accumulate the bulk of their mass during only 10,000 years. The accretion stops when the gas is exhausted. The formed planets can migrate over long distances during or after their formation. Ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune are thought to be failed cores, which formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared.
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