Principles of Sensory Coding
... Coding with time: As you’ve already seen, neurons can become phase-locked to a stimulus. In this case, it is the time of occurrence of a spike that is the signal. This mechanism is well established in the auditory system. It is also possible that the time of occurrence of the first spike response to ...
... Coding with time: As you’ve already seen, neurons can become phase-locked to a stimulus. In this case, it is the time of occurrence of a spike that is the signal. This mechanism is well established in the auditory system. It is also possible that the time of occurrence of the first spike response to ...
Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic
... the facial nucleus, whereas dorsally located neurons became more concentrated in a region dorsomedial to the oral spinal trigeminal nucleus (Fig. IE). Further caudally, at the level ~10 mm rostral to the obex, the ventral cell group was no longer present, whereas the dorsal group was still quite wel ...
... the facial nucleus, whereas dorsally located neurons became more concentrated in a region dorsomedial to the oral spinal trigeminal nucleus (Fig. IE). Further caudally, at the level ~10 mm rostral to the obex, the ventral cell group was no longer present, whereas the dorsal group was still quite wel ...
Pathophysiology of Pain
... After a period of time, atypical connections may develop between nerve sprouts or demyelinated axons in the region of the nerve damage, permitting “cross-talk” between somatic or sympathetic efferent nerves and nociceptors. Dorsal root fibers may also sprout following injury to peripheral nerves ...
... After a period of time, atypical connections may develop between nerve sprouts or demyelinated axons in the region of the nerve damage, permitting “cross-talk” between somatic or sympathetic efferent nerves and nociceptors. Dorsal root fibers may also sprout following injury to peripheral nerves ...
last lecture neurophysiology - Evans Laboratory: Environmental
... • sensory neurons are found in animal senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell • at one end of the neuron is a receptor that is associated with that particular sense • for example, olfactory receptors involved in smell are activated by airborne chemicals • at the other end are lots of dendrites t ...
... • sensory neurons are found in animal senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell • at one end of the neuron is a receptor that is associated with that particular sense • for example, olfactory receptors involved in smell are activated by airborne chemicals • at the other end are lots of dendrites t ...
Capogna Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014
... and data from the basomedial nucleus will not be discussed. Excellent, more detailed reviews on GABAergic neurons of amygdala and inhibitory circuits involved in fear encoding have recently been published [4–7]. The amygdala is one of the most powerful brain areas to address questions regarding the ...
... and data from the basomedial nucleus will not be discussed. Excellent, more detailed reviews on GABAergic neurons of amygdala and inhibitory circuits involved in fear encoding have recently been published [4–7]. The amygdala is one of the most powerful brain areas to address questions regarding the ...
Chapter 10 - Nervous System I
... Neuroglia carry out a variety of functions to aid and protect components of the nervous system. B. Organs of the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of peripheral nerves that conne ...
... Neuroglia carry out a variety of functions to aid and protect components of the nervous system. B. Organs of the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of peripheral nerves that conne ...
Chapter-01
... light. This is because of the peculiarities in their pigments. Rod cells contain the pigment rhodopsin and cone cells contain the pigment photopsin. Retinal formed from vitamin A and opsin the protein molecule are their basic components. In the presence of light these pigments dissociate to form ret ...
... light. This is because of the peculiarities in their pigments. Rod cells contain the pigment rhodopsin and cone cells contain the pigment photopsin. Retinal formed from vitamin A and opsin the protein molecule are their basic components. In the presence of light these pigments dissociate to form ret ...
Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human
... across species, suggesting that the average neuronal cell size increases in larger rodent brains (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006), the primate brain increases in mass linearly with increases in its number of neurons across species, suggesting that the average neuronal cell size does not increase sign ...
... across species, suggesting that the average neuronal cell size increases in larger rodent brains (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006), the primate brain increases in mass linearly with increases in its number of neurons across species, suggesting that the average neuronal cell size does not increase sign ...
Nervous System
... function is the myelination of axons exclusively in the central nervous system of the higher vertebrates. 29 The ________ is the region of the brain that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus or subthalamus and pretectum. It is derived from the prosencephalon. 30 The term ___ ...
... function is the myelination of axons exclusively in the central nervous system of the higher vertebrates. 29 The ________ is the region of the brain that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus or subthalamus and pretectum. It is derived from the prosencephalon. 30 The term ___ ...
Summative Assessment 4
... for correct answers, no points are withdrawn for listing incorrect answers, although they should be marked incorrect. One point is awarded for each system listed and another point is awarded for each accurate description of the system’s function. The Inside Story ...
... for correct answers, no points are withdrawn for listing incorrect answers, although they should be marked incorrect. One point is awarded for each system listed and another point is awarded for each accurate description of the system’s function. The Inside Story ...
Learning objectives Respiratory system Epithelium of nasal cavity
... Olfactory Epithelium • Olfactory epithelium is a specialized epithelial tissue inside the nasal cavity that is involved in smell • It is a part of olfactory system responsible for detecting odors. • lies on the roof of the nasal cavity about 7 cm above and behind the nostrils • Is also ciliated, but ...
... Olfactory Epithelium • Olfactory epithelium is a specialized epithelial tissue inside the nasal cavity that is involved in smell • It is a part of olfactory system responsible for detecting odors. • lies on the roof of the nasal cavity about 7 cm above and behind the nostrils • Is also ciliated, but ...
Solving the Problem of Negative Synaptic Weights in Cortical Models
... neuron, captured by the nonlinear function G i , map this somatic current onto the neural activity as usual, using a standard neuron model such as Hodgkin-Huxley, Rose-Hindmarsh, or leaky integrate-and-fire (Eliasmith & Anderson, 2003). The angle brackets denote an inner product between the two vect ...
... neuron, captured by the nonlinear function G i , map this somatic current onto the neural activity as usual, using a standard neuron model such as Hodgkin-Huxley, Rose-Hindmarsh, or leaky integrate-and-fire (Eliasmith & Anderson, 2003). The angle brackets denote an inner product between the two vect ...
The antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N
... • 12-month old SAMP8 mice that received NAC required significantly fewer training trials to learn the maze than did untreated 12-month old mice • 12-month old SAMP8 mice that received NAC did not differ significantly in performance from 4month old untreated mice. • 12-month old NAC-treated SAMP8 mic ...
... • 12-month old SAMP8 mice that received NAC required significantly fewer training trials to learn the maze than did untreated 12-month old mice • 12-month old SAMP8 mice that received NAC did not differ significantly in performance from 4month old untreated mice. • 12-month old NAC-treated SAMP8 mic ...
document1004
... operational architecture of any functional system. The incorporation of these mechanisms into the conceptual apparatus is the second advantage and another feature distinguishing the theory of functional systems from other variants of systemic approach. It was demonstrated that the mutual assistance ...
... operational architecture of any functional system. The incorporation of these mechanisms into the conceptual apparatus is the second advantage and another feature distinguishing the theory of functional systems from other variants of systemic approach. It was demonstrated that the mutual assistance ...
4-CPG1
... sensory afference or somatic feedback. • It can be activated/sustained by a triggering stimulus (either tonic or phasic), but requires no modulation of the input to generate the basic pattern. • Lundberg and Grillner had a nasty argument on whether CPGs are present in the motor system. This is Avis ...
... sensory afference or somatic feedback. • It can be activated/sustained by a triggering stimulus (either tonic or phasic), but requires no modulation of the input to generate the basic pattern. • Lundberg and Grillner had a nasty argument on whether CPGs are present in the motor system. This is Avis ...
gustatory and olfactory senses
... chemical signal must cause membrane channels to open. This produces an electrical signal that will be transmitted to the central nervous system. How can sensory systems detect such a broad range of stimuli intensity? The sensitivity range of a sensory organ is much broader than the range of a single ...
... chemical signal must cause membrane channels to open. This produces an electrical signal that will be transmitted to the central nervous system. How can sensory systems detect such a broad range of stimuli intensity? The sensitivity range of a sensory organ is much broader than the range of a single ...
Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat
... outflow is thus of central importance for the functioning of all basal ganglia structures. Results from single unit recordings of neostriatal neurons have emphasized the low tonic firing rates of these cells (see e.g. refs. 3, 5, 11, 13, 21, 28). The relative silence of neostriatal neurons is no dou ...
... outflow is thus of central importance for the functioning of all basal ganglia structures. Results from single unit recordings of neostriatal neurons have emphasized the low tonic firing rates of these cells (see e.g. refs. 3, 5, 11, 13, 21, 28). The relative silence of neostriatal neurons is no dou ...
serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc
... have been found to exert an excitatory influence on central neurons of the swimming system as well as having more global effects over systems that are altered in parallel with swimming speed changes, such as heart acceleration. The two cerebral clusters, anterior and posterior, produce distinct but ...
... have been found to exert an excitatory influence on central neurons of the swimming system as well as having more global effects over systems that are altered in parallel with swimming speed changes, such as heart acceleration. The two cerebral clusters, anterior and posterior, produce distinct but ...
Digestive system I
... • Generated when the resting potential goes over -40 mV – Greater the rise in resting potential, greater the frequency – Lasts longer than normal action potential (10-20 mSec) ...
... • Generated when the resting potential goes over -40 mV – Greater the rise in resting potential, greater the frequency – Lasts longer than normal action potential (10-20 mSec) ...
Brains of Primitive Chordates - CIHR Research Group in Sensory
... condensations in certain areas. At the base of the proboscis is an anterior nerve ring (a.n. ring) that is next to the ciliary organ (cil.org.), which is adjacent to the oral opening (asterisk). The collar region has a collar nerve cord (coll.n.c.), an invaginated part of the epidermis with anterior ...
... condensations in certain areas. At the base of the proboscis is an anterior nerve ring (a.n. ring) that is next to the ciliary organ (cil.org.), which is adjacent to the oral opening (asterisk). The collar region has a collar nerve cord (coll.n.c.), an invaginated part of the epidermis with anterior ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... slows by approximately 14 % in response to 20 Hz electrical stimulation of the fiber for 20 s, whereas nociceptive C-fibers slow by 27–29 %. Interestingly, while other C-fibers show a stable rate of slowing over time, C-LTMR CV slows more abruptly over the first 6 s followed by a plateau. This initi ...
... slows by approximately 14 % in response to 20 Hz electrical stimulation of the fiber for 20 s, whereas nociceptive C-fibers slow by 27–29 %. Interestingly, while other C-fibers show a stable rate of slowing over time, C-LTMR CV slows more abruptly over the first 6 s followed by a plateau. This initi ...
No Slide Title
... • Show that each eigenvector of Q is solution. • One can show that only principal eigenvector is stable. ...
... • Show that each eigenvector of Q is solution. • One can show that only principal eigenvector is stable. ...
The Brain
... Family studies look at genetic similarities within family groups. The comparison of fraternal twins (different genes) with identical twins (same genes) yield the most useful data. 2. Adoption Studies These studies compare adoptees with their biological and adoptive parents. 3. Studies of Identical T ...
... Family studies look at genetic similarities within family groups. The comparison of fraternal twins (different genes) with identical twins (same genes) yield the most useful data. 2. Adoption Studies These studies compare adoptees with their biological and adoptive parents. 3. Studies of Identical T ...
Pathways - Orange Coast College
... Motor programs require conscious directions from the frontal lobes. Movement is initiated when commands are received by the primary motor cortex from the motor association areas. The cerebellum is critically important in coordinating movements because it specifies the exact timing of control signals ...
... Motor programs require conscious directions from the frontal lobes. Movement is initiated when commands are received by the primary motor cortex from the motor association areas. The cerebellum is critically important in coordinating movements because it specifies the exact timing of control signals ...
A Type of Basket Cell in Superficial Layers of the Cat Visual Cortex
... on cell bodies of both pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells in superficial layers of the cat visual cortex. On the basis of this efferent synaptic pattern, this interneuron is considered to be a basket cell. Although it is clear that convergence must play a role in the building up of a pericellular bas ...
... on cell bodies of both pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells in superficial layers of the cat visual cortex. On the basis of this efferent synaptic pattern, this interneuron is considered to be a basket cell. Although it is clear that convergence must play a role in the building up of a pericellular bas ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.