Hormonal Control
... Although these are two different systems, they are both systems used for internal communication and often interact and overlap in form and function within animals. Many hormones are released by specialized nerve cells called neurosecretory cells. The production and release of many hormones is under ...
... Although these are two different systems, they are both systems used for internal communication and often interact and overlap in form and function within animals. Many hormones are released by specialized nerve cells called neurosecretory cells. The production and release of many hormones is under ...
sense organs
... • all fibers reach solitary nucleus in medulla oblongata • from there, signals sent to two destinations – hypothalamus and amygdala control autonomic reflexes – salivation, gagging and vomiting – thalamus relays signals to postcentral gyrus of cerebrum for conscious sense of taste • sent on to orbit ...
... • all fibers reach solitary nucleus in medulla oblongata • from there, signals sent to two destinations – hypothalamus and amygdala control autonomic reflexes – salivation, gagging and vomiting – thalamus relays signals to postcentral gyrus of cerebrum for conscious sense of taste • sent on to orbit ...
Reinforcement learning in populations of spiking neurons
... feedback about the population response modulates synaptic plasticity. The role of neuronal populations in encoding sensory stimuli has been intensively studied1,2. However, most models of reinforcement learning with spiking neurons have focused on just single neurons or small neuronal assemblies3–6. ...
... feedback about the population response modulates synaptic plasticity. The role of neuronal populations in encoding sensory stimuli has been intensively studied1,2. However, most models of reinforcement learning with spiking neurons have focused on just single neurons or small neuronal assemblies3–6. ...
Unilateral Ibotenic Acid Lesions of the Prefrontal Cortex Reduce
... present study indicated that the cortical neurons in PFC could influence the activity of the STN via the cortico-subthalamic pathway in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. These results, together with the similar findings of previous studies, indicate that the PFC and STN regions are electrophysiologically related. ...
... present study indicated that the cortical neurons in PFC could influence the activity of the STN via the cortico-subthalamic pathway in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. These results, together with the similar findings of previous studies, indicate that the PFC and STN regions are electrophysiologically related. ...
How Microscopy Produces a Sharper Image
... light passing through this aperture is focused on the sample. The second pinhole is placed in front of the detector. If the optical distance from the detector aperture to the focal point is exactly the same as that between the focal point and the illuminating aperture (the confocal condition), only ...
... light passing through this aperture is focused on the sample. The second pinhole is placed in front of the detector. If the optical distance from the detector aperture to the focal point is exactly the same as that between the focal point and the illuminating aperture (the confocal condition), only ...
Anatomical and physiological bases of consciousness and sleep
... four qualities -– 1. Reduced motor activity – 2. Lowered response to sensory stimulation – 3. Adoption of stereotypic postures such as lying down with the eyes closed, and – 4. Easy reversibility (compared to coma, stupor, hibernation, etc.) ...
... four qualities -– 1. Reduced motor activity – 2. Lowered response to sensory stimulation – 3. Adoption of stereotypic postures such as lying down with the eyes closed, and – 4. Easy reversibility (compared to coma, stupor, hibernation, etc.) ...
How Microscopy Produces a Sharper Image
... light passing through this aperture is focused on the sample. The second pinhole is placed in front of the detector. If the optical distance from the detector aperture to the focal point is exactly the same as that between the focal point and the illuminating aperture (the confocal condition), only ...
... light passing through this aperture is focused on the sample. The second pinhole is placed in front of the detector. If the optical distance from the detector aperture to the focal point is exactly the same as that between the focal point and the illuminating aperture (the confocal condition), only ...
Note
... The diagonal lines show where the data points would be if the information provided by the neurons were fully divided between the two variables on the axes. The data points lie below the lines because not all of the response can be used, i.e. one response variable can’t be exactly split between two s ...
... The diagonal lines show where the data points would be if the information provided by the neurons were fully divided between the two variables on the axes. The data points lie below the lines because not all of the response can be used, i.e. one response variable can’t be exactly split between two s ...
Behavioral Detectability of Single-Cell Stimulation in the Ventral
... Analysis. We restricted the analysis of behavioral responses to those single-cell stimulation and catch trials in which animals were considered attentive, as judged by their performance in microstimulation trials. Specifically, singlecell stimulation trials and catch trials were included if the anim ...
... Analysis. We restricted the analysis of behavioral responses to those single-cell stimulation and catch trials in which animals were considered attentive, as judged by their performance in microstimulation trials. Specifically, singlecell stimulation trials and catch trials were included if the anim ...
5211: Session 1 Hypothalamus and its regulation of anterior and
... How does the neuroendocrine axis work? • Hypothalamic parvicellular neurons synthesize releaseor release-inhibiting “factors” or “hormones” (peptides) • Packaged in secretory granules, transported in axons to nerve terminal storage sites • On demand, neurons depolarize, prompting frequencydependent ...
... How does the neuroendocrine axis work? • Hypothalamic parvicellular neurons synthesize releaseor release-inhibiting “factors” or “hormones” (peptides) • Packaged in secretory granules, transported in axons to nerve terminal storage sites • On demand, neurons depolarize, prompting frequencydependent ...
Neural Coding and Auditory Perception
... resolved harmonics of a complex tone that are more robust to variations in stimulus level than traditional rate-place cues and could potentially be used in pitch extraction [2]. To investigate whether these cues are extracted by central neurons, we recorded from single units in cochlear nucleus (CN) ...
... resolved harmonics of a complex tone that are more robust to variations in stimulus level than traditional rate-place cues and could potentially be used in pitch extraction [2]. To investigate whether these cues are extracted by central neurons, we recorded from single units in cochlear nucleus (CN) ...
Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory
... spread to the others. Therefore, frequent reactivation of a selected PNG does not initiate uncontrollable activity in the network. In this way, the WM mechanism presented here can work in finite networks with large memory content. This is different from previous models [11,28–31] where large memory ...
... spread to the others. Therefore, frequent reactivation of a selected PNG does not initiate uncontrollable activity in the network. In this way, the WM mechanism presented here can work in finite networks with large memory content. This is different from previous models [11,28–31] where large memory ...
A Model of Recurrent Interactions in Primary Visual Cortex
... the model could be modi ed in order capture the behavior of individual cells on the population level; or, further subdivisions into neuronal subpopulations may be introduced explicitly. The approach we prefer is to assume that the individual cells receive synaptic input from the already existing sub ...
... the model could be modi ed in order capture the behavior of individual cells on the population level; or, further subdivisions into neuronal subpopulations may be introduced explicitly. The approach we prefer is to assume that the individual cells receive synaptic input from the already existing sub ...
Theory of Mind: A Neural Prediction Problem
... This proposal is of course too general, and leaves many aspects of the model unspecified (some of which we address below). Nevertheless, the basic features of predictive coding described here provide an integrative framework for many findings in the social cognitive neuroscience of theory of mind. T ...
... This proposal is of course too general, and leaves many aspects of the model unspecified (some of which we address below). Nevertheless, the basic features of predictive coding described here provide an integrative framework for many findings in the social cognitive neuroscience of theory of mind. T ...
17 Human Single Unit Activity for Reach and Grasp Motor Prostheses
... has found that the activity of monkey motor cortical neurons is better explained by preferred “pathlets” or trajectories for reach and grasp rather than by preferred directions that are independent in space and time (Hatsopoulos et al., 2007; Saleh et al., 2010; Saleh et al., 2012). This is a remark ...
... has found that the activity of monkey motor cortical neurons is better explained by preferred “pathlets” or trajectories for reach and grasp rather than by preferred directions that are independent in space and time (Hatsopoulos et al., 2007; Saleh et al., 2010; Saleh et al., 2012). This is a remark ...
Nervous System
... affect the neuron. This is also the route by which certain viruses taken up by the peripheral terminals can enter the CNS. 2) The Cell Processes: a) The dendrites: are multiple short processes which extend from the cell body. They extend to the surrounding area to act as receptive surface. So, the d ...
... affect the neuron. This is also the route by which certain viruses taken up by the peripheral terminals can enter the CNS. 2) The Cell Processes: a) The dendrites: are multiple short processes which extend from the cell body. They extend to the surrounding area to act as receptive surface. So, the d ...
Synaptic Neurotransmission and the Anatomically Addressed
... 2-4), so it is a good thing that this site is endowed with the ability to restore itself through the production, migration, and differentiation of precursor cells into new functioning neurons (Figures 2-3 and 2-4). Neurogenesis in the hippocampus may be stimulated through learning, psychotherapy, ex ...
... 2-4), so it is a good thing that this site is endowed with the ability to restore itself through the production, migration, and differentiation of precursor cells into new functioning neurons (Figures 2-3 and 2-4). Neurogenesis in the hippocampus may be stimulated through learning, psychotherapy, ex ...
Modeling cortical maps with Topographica
... Much of the cortex of mammals can be partitioned into topographic maps [8, 13]. These maps contain systematic two-dimensional representations of features relevant to sensory and motor processing, such as retinal position, sound frequency, line orientation, and motion direction [5, 9, 14]. Understand ...
... Much of the cortex of mammals can be partitioned into topographic maps [8, 13]. These maps contain systematic two-dimensional representations of features relevant to sensory and motor processing, such as retinal position, sound frequency, line orientation, and motion direction [5, 9, 14]. Understand ...
Mutation of UL24 impedes the dissemination of acute herpes
... efficiency of reactivation from latency was also severely reduced. Herein, we investigated how UL24 contributed to acute infection of TG. Our results comparing the impact of UL24 on viral titres in eye tissue versus in tear films did not reveal a general defect in virus release from the cornea. We a ...
... efficiency of reactivation from latency was also severely reduced. Herein, we investigated how UL24 contributed to acute infection of TG. Our results comparing the impact of UL24 on viral titres in eye tissue versus in tear films did not reveal a general defect in virus release from the cornea. We a ...
Methods S1.
... NMDG, 97 TEA-Cl, 4 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 2 CsCl (pH 7.35 with HCl). For sodium currents the external solution contained 43 NaCl, 97 TEA-Cl, 4 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 2 CsCl, 0.5 CdCl (pH 7.35 with CsOH). To record TTX-resistant currents 1 M tetradotoxin was added. To activate TR ...
... NMDG, 97 TEA-Cl, 4 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 2 CsCl (pH 7.35 with HCl). For sodium currents the external solution contained 43 NaCl, 97 TEA-Cl, 4 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, 10 HEPES, 2 CsCl, 0.5 CdCl (pH 7.35 with CsOH). To record TTX-resistant currents 1 M tetradotoxin was added. To activate TR ...
1) Pure cocaine was first extracted from the coca bush in the
... Cocaine Abuse and Addiction 1) Pure cocaine was first extracted from the coca bush in the a) early 19th century b) mid 19th century c) early 20th century d) mid 20th century 2) In 2002, an estimated _____ Americans could be classified as dependent on or abusing cocaine in the past 12 months. a) 1.5 ...
... Cocaine Abuse and Addiction 1) Pure cocaine was first extracted from the coca bush in the a) early 19th century b) mid 19th century c) early 20th century d) mid 20th century 2) In 2002, an estimated _____ Americans could be classified as dependent on or abusing cocaine in the past 12 months. a) 1.5 ...
doc Practice midterm
... c. Receive direct connections from axons in the right somatosensory of the cortex d. Project to the left nucleus VPL of the thalamus 3. Complete distruction of the left half of the spinak cird at the highest Lumbar level (L1) will interfere with which of the following : a. Stretch relexes in the ank ...
... c. Receive direct connections from axons in the right somatosensory of the cortex d. Project to the left nucleus VPL of the thalamus 3. Complete distruction of the left half of the spinak cird at the highest Lumbar level (L1) will interfere with which of the following : a. Stretch relexes in the ank ...
The basic Hebb rule
... • They modify synaptic strengths solely on the basis of pre- or postsynaptic firing, are likely to play important roles in homeostatic, developmental, and learning processes • Homeostatic plasticity －It allows neurons to sense how active they are and to adjust their properties to maintain stable fun ...
... • They modify synaptic strengths solely on the basis of pre- or postsynaptic firing, are likely to play important roles in homeostatic, developmental, and learning processes • Homeostatic plasticity －It allows neurons to sense how active they are and to adjust their properties to maintain stable fun ...
Nervous System Intro Part 1
... Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter An action potential is started in the ...
... Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter An action potential is started in the ...
Synaptic reverberation underlying mnemonic persistent activity
... (Fig. 1d). Voltage- and Ca2+-gated ion channels could in principle generate bistability between a resting state and an active state sustained by a ‘plateau potential’13,14. Activation of relevant ion currents (such as a Ca2+-activated cation current ICan) could require neuromodulatory signals such a ...
... (Fig. 1d). Voltage- and Ca2+-gated ion channels could in principle generate bistability between a resting state and an active state sustained by a ‘plateau potential’13,14. Activation of relevant ion currents (such as a Ca2+-activated cation current ICan) could require neuromodulatory signals such a ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.