The Problem of Consciousness by Francis Crick and
... neurons actively firing that stand for what we see. capped in forming neuronal coalitions rapidly because, by computer standards, neurons act very slowly. The brain compensates for this relative slowness partly by using very many neurons, simultaneously and in parallel, and partly by arranging the s ...
... neurons actively firing that stand for what we see. capped in forming neuronal coalitions rapidly because, by computer standards, neurons act very slowly. The brain compensates for this relative slowness partly by using very many neurons, simultaneously and in parallel, and partly by arranging the s ...
Binaural Interaction in the Nucleus Laminaris of the Barn Owl: A
... In the auditory system of the barn owl, ITD is analyzed in a separate, hierarchically organized network, the ’time pathway’. The anatomical and physiological features of the first two stations of this pathway, the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and the nucleus laminaris (NL), the first locus ...
... In the auditory system of the barn owl, ITD is analyzed in a separate, hierarchically organized network, the ’time pathway’. The anatomical and physiological features of the first two stations of this pathway, the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and the nucleus laminaris (NL), the first locus ...
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLIED TO REAL ESTATE
... It is unrealistic to consider this type of work as experimental and remote. Over the last decade, Artificial Intelligence has undergone strong development and is now operational in Spain in specific fields. As an example, the Tax Department has recently prepared a system of Artificial Intelligence t ...
... It is unrealistic to consider this type of work as experimental and remote. Over the last decade, Artificial Intelligence has undergone strong development and is now operational in Spain in specific fields. As an example, the Tax Department has recently prepared a system of Artificial Intelligence t ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... hopper was illuminated for 3 or 4 seconds (depending on the animal), and, provided food access during that interval with probability p, with p ranging from 0.6 to 0.8. On the other fraction of trials 1–p, the food hopper was illuminated for the same time but the food hopper was not activated (‘S+ fo ...
... hopper was illuminated for 3 or 4 seconds (depending on the animal), and, provided food access during that interval with probability p, with p ranging from 0.6 to 0.8. On the other fraction of trials 1–p, the food hopper was illuminated for the same time but the food hopper was not activated (‘S+ fo ...
Stem cell factor induces outgrowth of c-kit-positive
... the effect of rmSCF on neurite outgrowth to that of NGF. The magnitude of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth as determined by the length of neurites was comparable to that of rmSCF-induced neurite outgrowth. However, the number of NGF-dependent neurites was several times as great as the number of rmSCF-d ...
... the effect of rmSCF on neurite outgrowth to that of NGF. The magnitude of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth as determined by the length of neurites was comparable to that of rmSCF-induced neurite outgrowth. However, the number of NGF-dependent neurites was several times as great as the number of rmSCF-d ...
Visual Motion-Detection Circuits in Flies: Small
... stimuli, they could have evolved circuits for this function separately. If they share evolutionarily common circuits for motion detection, then this situation should be reflected by conserved cell types and arrangements across taxa. To resolve this, we have performed a detailed comparative study acr ...
... stimuli, they could have evolved circuits for this function separately. If they share evolutionarily common circuits for motion detection, then this situation should be reflected by conserved cell types and arrangements across taxa. To resolve this, we have performed a detailed comparative study acr ...
Non- directed synapses
... amplification and detection, among other things. For example, "In recent years the technique of marking neurons with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has become a major tool. In its brief history, this method has probably been used by more neurobiologists than have used the Golgi stain since ...
... amplification and detection, among other things. For example, "In recent years the technique of marking neurons with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has become a major tool. In its brief history, this method has probably been used by more neurobiologists than have used the Golgi stain since ...
trans - RUF International
... Potential loops can exist many places in the brain. Whether they are becoming active and producing neural pulse trains depends on the total situation along the neural path. It is well known that so called value systems (Edelman) are able to enhance the ability to fire among a group of neurons anywhe ...
... Potential loops can exist many places in the brain. Whether they are becoming active and producing neural pulse trains depends on the total situation along the neural path. It is well known that so called value systems (Edelman) are able to enhance the ability to fire among a group of neurons anywhe ...
trans - RUF International
... Potential loops can exist many places in the brain. Whether they are becoming active and producing neural pulse trains depends on the total situation along the neural path. It is well known that so called value systems (Edelman) are able to enhance the ability to fire among a group of neurons anywhe ...
... Potential loops can exist many places in the brain. Whether they are becoming active and producing neural pulse trains depends on the total situation along the neural path. It is well known that so called value systems (Edelman) are able to enhance the ability to fire among a group of neurons anywhe ...
Nerve Cells, Neural Circuitry, and Behavior
... called afferent neurons, and the two terms are used interchangeably. The term afferent (carried toward the central nervous system) applies to all information reaching the central nervous system from the periphery, whether or not this information leads to sensation. The term sensory should, strictly ...
... called afferent neurons, and the two terms are used interchangeably. The term afferent (carried toward the central nervous system) applies to all information reaching the central nervous system from the periphery, whether or not this information leads to sensation. The term sensory should, strictly ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... Because representation of such information is critical for many forms of reward-based decision making, irrespective of whether the options are presented in the form of a gamble, the present results demonstrate the importance of CGp for action-outcome learning in general. To determine whether the inf ...
... Because representation of such information is critical for many forms of reward-based decision making, irrespective of whether the options are presented in the form of a gamble, the present results demonstrate the importance of CGp for action-outcome learning in general. To determine whether the inf ...
Evidence for topographically organized endogenous 5‐HT‐1A
... on the left. Bars depict average number of TPOH-containing cells dually labeled with Fos per section for different groups + SEM (C, control; W, WAY-100635; S, swim; S+W, swim + WAY-100635). Each area was analyzed with a 2 · 2 factorial anova. Significant differences as compared to controls as determi ...
... on the left. Bars depict average number of TPOH-containing cells dually labeled with Fos per section for different groups + SEM (C, control; W, WAY-100635; S, swim; S+W, swim + WAY-100635). Each area was analyzed with a 2 · 2 factorial anova. Significant differences as compared to controls as determi ...
JessieMalcolm - University of Colorado Boulder
... factor, because it is a natural aspirant to mediate the benefits of exercise on brain health. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, enhances neuronal resilience. Release of BDNF during exercise could be beneficial since most researchers blame abnormal plaque deposition for neuronal ...
... factor, because it is a natural aspirant to mediate the benefits of exercise on brain health. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, enhances neuronal resilience. Release of BDNF during exercise could be beneficial since most researchers blame abnormal plaque deposition for neuronal ...
23. Parasympathetic nervous system
... Visceral sensory and autonomic neurons participate in visceral reflex arcs • Many are spinal reflexes such as defecation and micturition reflexes • Some only involve peripheral neurons: spinal cord not involved (not shown)* *e.g. “enteric” nervous system: 3 neuron reflex arcs entirely within the wa ...
... Visceral sensory and autonomic neurons participate in visceral reflex arcs • Many are spinal reflexes such as defecation and micturition reflexes • Some only involve peripheral neurons: spinal cord not involved (not shown)* *e.g. “enteric” nervous system: 3 neuron reflex arcs entirely within the wa ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
The Importance of Chaos Theory in the Development of Artificial
... Once Freeman decided that chaos "may be the chief property that makes the brain different from an artificial-intelligence machine" (Freeman 1991), it was up to the artificial neural system researchers to narrow the gap. Freeman himself was working on a computer simulation of the olfactory cortex by ...
... Once Freeman decided that chaos "may be the chief property that makes the brain different from an artificial-intelligence machine" (Freeman 1991), it was up to the artificial neural system researchers to narrow the gap. Freeman himself was working on a computer simulation of the olfactory cortex by ...
D2 receptor overexpression in the striatum leads to a deficit in
... (D2Rs) in the striatum and another is a decrease in the GABAergic function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Whether these two defects are functionally linked is not known. We previously reported that selective overexpression of D2Rs in the striatum of the mouse causes behavioral abnormality associate ...
... (D2Rs) in the striatum and another is a decrease in the GABAergic function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Whether these two defects are functionally linked is not known. We previously reported that selective overexpression of D2Rs in the striatum of the mouse causes behavioral abnormality associate ...
nervous system organization, 022817
... Much of the text material is from, “Principles of Anatomy and Physiology” by Gerald J. Tortora and Bryan Derrickson (2009, 2011, and 2014). I don’t claim authorship. Other sources are noted when they are used. The lecture slides are mapped to the three editions of the textbook based on the color-cod ...
... Much of the text material is from, “Principles of Anatomy and Physiology” by Gerald J. Tortora and Bryan Derrickson (2009, 2011, and 2014). I don’t claim authorship. Other sources are noted when they are used. The lecture slides are mapped to the three editions of the textbook based on the color-cod ...
RELATING BEHAVIOR AND NEUROSCIENCE: INTRODUCTION
... control of behavior has proliferated in academic and applied settings around the world. The Association for Behavior Analysis has grown to around 4700 members spread among 43 countries. The study of neuroscience has expanded even more rapidly. The Society for Neuroscience is a thoroughly internation ...
... control of behavior has proliferated in academic and applied settings around the world. The Association for Behavior Analysis has grown to around 4700 members spread among 43 countries. The study of neuroscience has expanded even more rapidly. The Society for Neuroscience is a thoroughly internation ...
Corticofugal Modulation of Initial Sound
... onto glass slides and stained using the Nissl method. The electrolytic neurons were measured, two experimental protocols were applied to lesion was examined under a light microscope. An example is shown evaluate the influence of the cortex on the activities of CN neurons. in Figure 1, B and C. One e ...
... onto glass slides and stained using the Nissl method. The electrolytic neurons were measured, two experimental protocols were applied to lesion was examined under a light microscope. An example is shown evaluate the influence of the cortex on the activities of CN neurons. in Figure 1, B and C. One e ...
03/05 PPT
... • Different cells respond to the same guidance cues in different ways • Chemical cues exist at many points along the axon guidance pathway e.g the optic tectum and optic tract ...
... • Different cells respond to the same guidance cues in different ways • Chemical cues exist at many points along the axon guidance pathway e.g the optic tectum and optic tract ...
Neural Correlates of Executive Control in the Avian Brain
... the NCL neurons that are performing the executive control function, or whether we are observing the effects on NCL neurons of executive functions that lie elsewhere in the brain. Given the evidence that we will review shortly that NCL may be an analogue of the mammalian PFC, and given the role of th ...
... the NCL neurons that are performing the executive control function, or whether we are observing the effects on NCL neurons of executive functions that lie elsewhere in the brain. Given the evidence that we will review shortly that NCL may be an analogue of the mammalian PFC, and given the role of th ...
Neuronal Diversity and Temporal Dynamics: The Unity of
... with neurogliaform cells, are a major source of nitric oxide, probably released by their extraordinarily dense axons. They modulate preand postsynaptic excitability at slower time scales and more diffusely than do other interneurons providing homeostasis to the network. How the different firing patt ...
... with neurogliaform cells, are a major source of nitric oxide, probably released by their extraordinarily dense axons. They modulate preand postsynaptic excitability at slower time scales and more diffusely than do other interneurons providing homeostasis to the network. How the different firing patt ...
Genetic Diversity of Principal Neurons in the Hippocampus
... There are many lines of evidence suggesting that the hippocampus plays an important role in learning and memory in mammals, including the mouse and man. One famous example is the case of HM. In this case, most of the hippocampus of the patient had to be removed because of epilepsy. After the surgery ...
... There are many lines of evidence suggesting that the hippocampus plays an important role in learning and memory in mammals, including the mouse and man. One famous example is the case of HM. In this case, most of the hippocampus of the patient had to be removed because of epilepsy. After the surgery ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.