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Chapter 23
Chapter 23

... The charges within the molecules of the material are rearranged The effect is called polarization ...
The Electric Charge - The General Science Journal
The Electric Charge - The General Science Journal

... The ideas presented in this paper were part of an earlier publication: In Pursuit of Gravitation. ...
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... Four dimensional field theories have been remarkably successful at describing nature at energies less than several hundred GeV. Unfortunately progress at higher energies has been frustrated by a dearth of general theoretical tools that apply to strongly coupled models. Our understanding of field the ...
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... this group. These two representations together with the adjoint representation of SU(3)c make up the symmetry structure of Quantum Chromodynamics(QCD) [4]. The two main categories of strong interacting particles (hadrons) are the mesons, which may be written as a product of the fundamental and the a ...
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... Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals • X-rays are electromagnetic waves of relatively short wavelength (λ = 10-8 to 10-12 m = 100 – 0.01 Å) • Max von Laue suggested that the regular array of atoms in a crystal (spacing in order of several Angstroms) could act as a three-dimensional diffraction grating ...
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... extended Poincare Lie algebra (the EP algebra of RQT) is to be generalized to be a function of the X position operators in order to reflect the space-time dependence of g in GR as expressed by the equations of Einstein that determine the metric in terms of the energy momentum tensor of particles ...


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Standard Model



The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, as well as classifying all the subatomic particles known. It was developed throughout the latter half of the 20th century, as a collaborative effort of scientists around the world. The current formulation was finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, discoveries of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and more recently the Higgs boson (2013), have given further credence to the Standard Model. Because of its success in explaining a wide variety of experimental results, the Standard Model is sometimes regarded as a ""theory of almost everything"".Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent and has demonstrated huge and continued successes in providing experimental predictions, it does leave some phenomena unexplained and it falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions. It does not incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or account for the accelerating expansion of the universe (as possibly described by dark energy). The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. It also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations (and their non-zero masses).The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimental particle physicists alike. For theorists, the Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory, which exhibits a wide range of physics including spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomalies, non-perturbative behavior, etc. It is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extra dimensions, and elaborate symmetries (such as supersymmetry) in an attempt to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations.
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