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Time Course of Drug Action
Time Course of Drug Action

... T ½ = 4 h Dose Interval = 4 A = level of drug immediately after dose. B = level of drug just before dose is give and drug cleared in each t ½ . Drug accumulates until input = output (7 t ½) = plateau [all doses] Time course of plateau is determined by drug’s t ½ . ...
Phases of Drug Metabolism - Thomas Jefferson University
Phases of Drug Metabolism - Thomas Jefferson University

... • Creatinine is freely filtered and serves as conventional surrogate for glomerular filtration • The assumption is that there is a normal production of creatinine – May not be true in catabolic, malnourished critically ill patients! • MDRD equation derived from multiple regression analyses incorpora ...
Role of Khardal (Brassica Nigra) in Non
Role of Khardal (Brassica Nigra) in Non

... Medicinal plants have an enormous contribution in the primary healthcare systems of local communities, particularly in developing countries like India. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that up to 80% of the world’s population in developing countries depends on locally available plant re ...
Amphetamines - EDAS Essential Drugs and Alcohol Services
Amphetamines - EDAS Essential Drugs and Alcohol Services

... eighties, a rise in the late nineties, it appears to be falling again at around 8 per cent pure (half what it was five years ago). Amphetamine base tends to be 50 per cent pure or more, though this is falling. Base typically sells for £15 a gram. There is also concern about the number of people who ...
Interactions of herbs and food products with drugs
Interactions of herbs and food products with drugs

... properties and herbal medicines are popular worldwide. Since, all herbal medicines are mixtures of more than one active ingredient, such combinations of many substances obviously increase the likelihood of interactions taking place. Although herbal medicines have been used as remedies for number of ...
drug interactions - Liverpool John Moores University
drug interactions - Liverpool John Moores University

... •Theophylline •Warfarin ...
Mechanisms of Drug Interactions
Mechanisms of Drug Interactions

... Mimicking some of the effects of epinephrine can be useful for specific diseases or conditions. During an asthma attack, muscles around the airways contract, causing the bronchial (breathing) tubes to narrow. A beta-agonist, such as albuterol or salmeterol, can bind with adrenergic receptors in the ...
barbiturates and other downers
barbiturates and other downers

... There will be a lot of complicated chemical names mentioned in this article. whenever possible, the chemical name will be followed by its trade name (the name the druggist) would recognize such as amobarbital [Amytal]). Also, some of the common street names for these drugs will be mentioned as well ...
Autonomic - EmergencyPedia
Autonomic - EmergencyPedia

... midriasis, normal blood pressure and reduced sweating. The most likely drug is a. nicotinic antagonist – no – would have muscular symptoms b. muscarinic antagonist – this one – eg atropine c. cholinomimitic – would be miosis, decreased HR, increased sweating d. adrenergic agonist – would raise BP, a ...
The Nursing Process and Drug Therapy
The Nursing Process and Drug Therapy

... generic, and trade names for the common analgesic ibuprofen are listed next to the chemical structure of the drug. ...
**z
**z

... The fraction (F) (or bioavailability) of an orally administered drug may be calculated by comparison of the AUC after oral administration with that obtained after intravenous administration: F=(AUC)oral/(AUC)intravenous In practice, it would be rare for a drug to be completely absorbed into the circ ...
الشريحة 1
الشريحة 1

... Drug Interactions Drug interactions are particularly important with oral anticoagulants, and the result may be either an increase or a decrease in the effect of the anticoagulant. Frequent monitoring of the prothrombin time is essential when administering another drug with warfarin, and changing th ...
Chapter 16 Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Chapter 16 Cholinesterase Inhibitors

... Minimize number of drugs a patient receives. Take a thorough drug history. Be aware of the possibility of illicit drug use. Adjust the dosage when metabolizing inducers are added or deleted. Adjust the timing of administration to minimize interference with absorption. Monitor for early signs of toxi ...
- Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation
- Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation

... the most as bioequivalent generic competitors are approved and become more widely used. Manufacturers’ substantial research and development costs for future drugs are funded by revenues from currently marketed drugs, and thus the FDA has provided patent protection time periods meant to allow pharmac ...
annexure – ii
annexure – ii

... Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) strategy involves the use of combination anti-retroviral agents for synergistic therapeutic outcomes. With the adoption of HAART, the average survival of HIV/AIDS patients has increased from less than 1 year to over 10 years. Despite the success of HAART ...
Economic Consequences of Drug Abuse in Sri Lanka
Economic Consequences of Drug Abuse in Sri Lanka

... Drug abuse in Sri Lanka has been a critical issue for a long time. This study allows us to identify the severity of drug abuse problem and what are the economic and social pressures behind the drug abuse problem in Sri Lanka. By analyzing and gathering quantitative data, this study presents the firs ...
10 × `20 Progress—Development of New Drugs Active Against Gram
10 × `20 Progress—Development of New Drugs Active Against Gram

... with leaders of the few remaining pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies identified in our earlier survey [2]; the websites of these companies were also accessed and data on drugs in development were reviewed. We focus on new orally or intravenously administered antibiotics that have progressed t ...
REVIEW ARTICLE
REVIEW ARTICLE

... dose, potential drug of choice for travelers to endemic areas for short periods and can be stopped immediately upon leaving endemic are, chemoprophylactic property against vivax & falciparum& has potential for radical cure of P. vivax but it is not prescribed in G6PD deficiency due to risk of hemoly ...
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) INHIBITORS
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) INHIBITORS

... Since adverse effects are not dose-related while duration of antihypertensive effect is dosedependent, doses higher than those previously recommended are now advised e.g. candesartan 32 mg daily, losartan 100 mg daily, valsartan 320 mg daily. ARBs combine well with thiazide and thiazide-like diureti ...
Drug Research on Land Transport Act Blood Specimens
Drug Research on Land Transport Act Blood Specimens

... Patients on the methadone maintenance program are required to sign a contract with their treatment provider that they will refrain from the use of other drugs without approval. Use of methadone with other drugs may result in impairment of function. Because of the specificity of the request for analy ...
pharm general
pharm general

... Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vd ) Vd = dose (mg)/ [drug]plasma (mg/ml)  Doesn’t refer to any physiological compartment in the body  The volume necessary to account for total amount of drug administered if it were present throughout the body at the same [] found in the plasma  Extent to which ...
General Principles of Psychopharmacology
General Principles of Psychopharmacology

... Drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders have become among the most prescribed classes of pharmaceutical agents. Antidepressants are second only to lipid-lowering agents in prescription volume in the United States. Antipsychotic drugs are among the fastest growing classes of drugs. Benzodiazepines ...
FreeDownloadPowerPoint.Com
FreeDownloadPowerPoint.Com

... • Dosage forms: A patch is the most convenient dosage form for drug delivery. Beside this, gels, Creams & the other semisolid dosage forms can be ...
1-Copy of CHAPTER 1
1-Copy of CHAPTER 1

... Questions were answered by trial and error, i.e. the dose, interval between doses, and route of administration were selected and the patient’s progress was followed. This empirical approach established many dosage regimens but left many questions unanswered!!!!!! This empirical approach did not cont ...
Inappropriate drug use and mortality in community
Inappropriate drug use and mortality in community

... Background Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline with age increases the risk of inappropriate dosing of drugs. We investigated the determinants and the mortality associated with the use of drugs that are contraindicated or require dose adjustment according to kidney function among the community-d ...
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Orphan drug

An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical agent that has been developed specifically to treat a rare medical condition, the condition itself being referred to as an orphan disease.In the US and EU it is easier to gain marketing approval for an orphan drug, and there may be other financial incentives, such as extended exclusivity periods, all intended to encourage the development of drugs which might otherwise lack a sufficient profit motive. The assignment of orphan status to a disease and to any drugs developed to treat it is a matter of public policy in many countries, and has resulted in medical breakthroughs that may not have otherwise been achieved due to the economics of drug research and development.According to Thomson Reuters in their 2012 publication ""The Economic Power of Orphan Drugs"", there has been increased investing in orphan drug Research and Development partly due to the U. S. Orphan Drug Act (ODA) 1983 and similar Acts in other regions of the world and also driven by ""high-profile philanthropic funding."" The period between 2001 to 2011 was the ""most productive period in the history of orphan drug development, in terms of average annual orphan drug designations and orphan drug approvals."" For the same decade the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of the orphan drugs was an ""impressive 25.8 percent, compared to only 20.1 percent for a matched control group of non-orphan drugs."" By 2012 the market for orphan drugs was worth USD$637 million compared to the USD$638 million matched control group of non-orphan drugs, Thomson Reuters.By 2012, ""the revenue-generating potential of orphan drugs [was] as great as for non-orphan drugs, even though patient populations for rare diseases are significantly smaller. Moreover, we suggest that orphan drugs have greater profitability when considered in the full context of developmental drivers including government financial incentives, smaller clinical trial sizes, shorter clinical trial times and higher rates of regulatory success.""
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