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Antitubercular Agents
Antitubercular Agents

... Goals1. Killing of dividing bacilli- drugs with bactericidal activity rapidly reduce the bact. load in the Pt & achieve quick sputum clearance – Pt become non contageous to the community - Transmission is interrupted ...
Designer Drugs: An Escalating Public Health Challenge
Designer Drugs: An Escalating Public Health Challenge

... Drug traffickers circumvented drug laws by developing analogs of banned opioids as early as the 1920’s. During the 1960’s a rash of new psychoactive drugs were introduced to American culture. The movement to normalize use and the resulting pandemonium catalyzed the formation of the Drug Enforcement ...
Epinephrine
Epinephrine

... • primary activity: stimulation of the betaadrenoceptors of the heart –  contractility,  cardiac output ...
Pharmacokinetic Considerations
Pharmacokinetic Considerations

... 48 medications or classes to avoid in older adults 20 diseases/conditions and medications to avoid in older adults with these diseases “Medications to be used with caution in the elderly: a statewide clinical recommendation on potentially inappropriate medications” ...
The Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Drugs
The Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Drugs

... cases, however, products are simply poorly manufactured and should be avoided. Generic equivalent products approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must meet a standard of less than 20% variation from the comparison product, an amount that does not significantly affect therapeutic efficacy ...
Gastrointestinal Drugs
Gastrointestinal Drugs

... Anticholinergics: decreased effect with antacids. Increased anticholinergic effect with ...
Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporter Proteins: How
Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporter Proteins: How

... avoiding costly late stage drug failures and delivery benefits to the pharmaceutical industry both in terms of dollars saved as well as enabling redirection of finite resources to pursue other more viable compounds. ...
racemic drugs
racemic drugs

... Among the new drugs marketed from the outset as single enantiomers there are: simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, paroxetine, clopidogrel, fluticasone, salmeterol, valsartan, etc. (see table 1). In some cases, the enantiomers recently brought on to the market are not really new drugs: they are s ...
L2_Pharmacy Law & Et..
L2_Pharmacy Law & Et..

... (j) The term "official compendium" means the official United States Pharmacopoeia, official Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, official National Formulary, or any supplement to any of them. Official Compendia set standards with which those who are responsible for drug formulation and d ...
Proxyvil Leaflet - TAJ PHARMA INDIA
Proxyvil Leaflet - TAJ PHARMA INDIA

... In case the recommended dosage is exceeded, patients might experience excitement, hallucination and even delirium. There were cases in which PROXYVIL was used in recreational purposes. This is not at all recommended and it can also cause addiction, besides the potentially threatening consequences. S ...
The Truth About LSD - Drug
The Truth About LSD - Drug

... intelligence community and the military saw it as a potential chemical weapon. In 1951, these organizations began a series of experiments. US researchers noted that LSD “is capable of rendering whole groups of people, including military forces, indifferent to their surroundings and situations, inter ...
Drug Metabolism and Individualized Medicine
Drug Metabolism and Individualized Medicine

... shown to play a major role in the metabolism of many drugs, some of which exhibit a narrow therapeutic index or a steep dose-pharmacological response profile [13-14]. Among the numerous P450 subtypes, CYP2D6, 3A4/3A5, 1A2, 2E1, 2C9 and 2C19 play important part in genetically determined responses to ...
Elimination
Elimination

... Many drugs are either weak bases or acids and therefore the pH of the filtrate can greatly influence the extent of tubular re-absorption for many drugs. When urine is acidic weak acid drugs tend to be reabsorbed (unionized). Alternatively when urine is more alkaline, weak bases are more extensively ...
Nursing Pharmacology
Nursing Pharmacology

... As the understanding of plants as drug sources became more sophisticated, researchers sought to isolate and intensify active components while avoiding harmful ones. The active components of plants vary in character and effect: • Alkaloids, the most active component in plants, react with acids to for ...
Adverse reactions
Adverse reactions

... the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs: 1) Mesolimbic-mesocortical pathway: the one most closely related to behavior and psychosis 2) Nigrostriatal pathway: it is involved in the coordination of voluntary movement. Blockade of the D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway is responsible for ...
Adverse reactions
Adverse reactions

... the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs: 1) Mesolimbic-mesocortical pathway: the one most closely related to behavior and psychosis 2) Nigrostriatal pathway: it is involved in the coordination of voluntary movement. Blockade of the D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway is responsible for ...
Drug Release Profile of a Novel Biodegradable Antimicrobial Polymer
Drug Release Profile of a Novel Biodegradable Antimicrobial Polymer

... of free drug in the incubation solution, which might not be the true representation of the amount of free drug that was caused by the enzyme degradation. Some drugs in the incubation solution might have leached out from the matrices and contributed to the total drug amount. Therefore a large amount ...
Anti-Parkinsonism drugs
Anti-Parkinsonism drugs

... Treatment of Parkinsonism : 1. Find cause ,if present; and treat it or avoid it ,if possible 2. Reduce symptoms of the disease : by the drugs that restore the balance of chemical neurotransmission in striatum , namely : A. Central antimuscarinic drugs B. Drugs that increase dopaminergic activity in ...
Drug
Drug

... The drug can have local effects - Epinephrine for asthma. The drug can have systemic effects - general anesthetics Large surface area, limited thickness of pulmonary membrane and high blood flow allow for almost instant absorption by diffusion Avoid first pass effect Disadvantages: Administration is ...
Centered Nursing Process Approach. By Kee
Centered Nursing Process Approach. By Kee

... h.-By-Kee,-Hayes,-McCuistion.-8EEnteric-coated tablets resist disintegration in the acidic environment of the stomach and disintegrate when they reach the small intestine. There is usually some delay in onset of actions after taking these medications. Enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed or ...
FDA Prehistory
FDA Prehistory

... When pressed against the skin, the devices sparks and causes a small electric shock. Makers of the device claim it can relieve headaches, back pain, arthritis, stress, menstrual cramps, earaches, sinus, nosebleeds, flu and other ailments. Because of its medical claims, the Stimulator is considered a ...
ENGLISH VERSION (Eng)
ENGLISH VERSION (Eng)

... animals [12]. As “Grünenthal” records were destroyed, we will never know how thalidomide’s safety was studied [13]. It is known that the Food and Drug Administration (USA) experts considered data given by the manufacturer on the drug’s safety obtained in experiments on animals insufficient and uncon ...
From prescription-only to over-the
From prescription-only to over-the

... Take, for example, irritable bowel syndrome, for which hyoscine butylbromide is licensed for over-the-counter purchase. The dosage is the same as the prescription dosage, but supply is limited to 3 days’ worth at full dosage (although patients can buy the drug over the internet). Furthermore, patien ...
Alzheimer's Drugs Market, 2012 - 2017 Brochure
Alzheimer's Drugs Market, 2012 - 2017 Brochure

... drugs across the different regions in the world. The report discusses various historical / future trends which have shaped / will shape the US, European and Japanese markets. The research, analysis and insights presented in this report do not include the sales of any diagnostic tests or radiopharmac ...
Psychoactive medications (Antipsychotics)
Psychoactive medications (Antipsychotics)

... The drug then redistributes into other tissue compartments. (fat, muscle etc) In response to the decrease in brain concentration the net effect is that the patient wakes up 5 minutes later! ...
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Orphan drug

An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical agent that has been developed specifically to treat a rare medical condition, the condition itself being referred to as an orphan disease.In the US and EU it is easier to gain marketing approval for an orphan drug, and there may be other financial incentives, such as extended exclusivity periods, all intended to encourage the development of drugs which might otherwise lack a sufficient profit motive. The assignment of orphan status to a disease and to any drugs developed to treat it is a matter of public policy in many countries, and has resulted in medical breakthroughs that may not have otherwise been achieved due to the economics of drug research and development.According to Thomson Reuters in their 2012 publication ""The Economic Power of Orphan Drugs"", there has been increased investing in orphan drug Research and Development partly due to the U. S. Orphan Drug Act (ODA) 1983 and similar Acts in other regions of the world and also driven by ""high-profile philanthropic funding."" The period between 2001 to 2011 was the ""most productive period in the history of orphan drug development, in terms of average annual orphan drug designations and orphan drug approvals."" For the same decade the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of the orphan drugs was an ""impressive 25.8 percent, compared to only 20.1 percent for a matched control group of non-orphan drugs."" By 2012 the market for orphan drugs was worth USD$637 million compared to the USD$638 million matched control group of non-orphan drugs, Thomson Reuters.By 2012, ""the revenue-generating potential of orphan drugs [was] as great as for non-orphan drugs, even though patient populations for rare diseases are significantly smaller. Moreover, we suggest that orphan drugs have greater profitability when considered in the full context of developmental drivers including government financial incentives, smaller clinical trial sizes, shorter clinical trial times and higher rates of regulatory success.""
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