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Sedative–hypnotic and Anxiolytic Drugs
Sedative–hypnotic and Anxiolytic Drugs

... absorbed by this route. Since the benzodiazepines are weak bases, they are less ionized in the relatively alkaline environment of the small intestine, and therefore, most of their absorption takes place at this site. For emergency treatment of seizures or when used in anesthesia, the benzodiazepines ...
Enhancing Transdermal Delivery of Opioid
Enhancing Transdermal Delivery of Opioid

... directly or by means of a cleavable, biolabile covalent linker. Many diseases are treated by a combination of therapeutic agents that are co-administered in separate dosage forms. ...
Principles of Pharmacology
Principles of Pharmacology

... 2) Formulation factors – materials added to the drug during processing can affect the solubilization of the drug. a. Fillers – add bulk to the tablet b. Disintegrators – cause table to break down into granules ...
Hallucinogenic Drugs
Hallucinogenic Drugs

... experience. Above a certain dose range for each individual psychedelic, the hallucinogenic response may progressively take on a qualitatively different character. At such higher doses, an individual’s connection to the real world may begin to erode significantly, such that ego boundaries may disintegr ...
GPhA Overview and Assessment: Food and Drug Administration`s
GPhA Overview and Assessment: Food and Drug Administration`s

... industry. The Proposed Rule creates the regulatory framework whereby multiple, different labeling, including different warnings, can simultaneously exist in the marketplace for the “same” drug. The confusion that will be created among health care professionals will undermine FDA’s longstanding, unwa ...
Ecstasy - a quick guide to drugs and alcohol
Ecstasy - a quick guide to drugs and alcohol

... when pregnant increases the risk of miscarriage. The use of amphetamine­ like substances such as ecstasy during Ecstasy tablet Image: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ...
DEVELOPMENT AND INVITRO EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE VERAPAMIL HCl FLOATING TABLETS  Research Article
DEVELOPMENT AND INVITRO EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE VERAPAMIL HCl FLOATING TABLETS Research Article

... than 1, and tablet will buoyant. It was found that, as the amount of sodium bicarbonate increases, the floating lag time decreases. Thus, sodium bicarbonate 10% was essential to achieve optimum in vitro buoyancy. Increased amount of sodium bicarbonate caused a large amount of effervescence, which in ...
Clinical Discussion of Special Populations - M
Clinical Discussion of Special Populations - M

... At 11 days of age, he was taken to a pediatrician owing to concerns about his skin color and decreased milk intake. The pediatrician noted that the infant had regained his birth weight. Subsequently on day 13, an ambulance team found the baby cyanotic and without vital signs. Resuscitation was ...
bioavailability enhancdement of poorly soluble drugs by smedds
bioavailability enhancdement of poorly soluble drugs by smedds

... challenge because of the low aqueous solubility. Lipidbased formulations have been shown to enhance the bioavailability of drugs administered orally1, 2, 3, 4. Wide availability of lipidic excipients with specific characteristics offers flexibility of application with respect to improving the bioava ...
Specifying a limit for amphetamine in regulations for the
Specifying a limit for amphetamine in regulations for the

... After considering all of the above we propose to set a limit at 50µg/L for amphetamine. This is close to a zero tolerance approach but slightly higher in order to take account of the level at which a pharmacological effect is likely to take place, which is most likely to impair driving. A full consi ...
Role of cytochrome P450 in drug interactions | SpringerLink
Role of cytochrome P450 in drug interactions | SpringerLink

... and more than 30 human CYP isozymes have been identified to date. It has been estimated that 90% of human drug oxidation can be attributed to six main enzymes (CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4/5). The activities of the CYP2C19 [4-7] and CYP2D6 [8-14] enzymes are biomedically distributed in the po ...
Study of the Pepsin Enzymatic Activity in in
Study of the Pepsin Enzymatic Activity in in

... bioavailability (Rodrigues et al., 2008), indeed, the absorption of oral drugs in the solid form depends on the solubility and dissolution in physiologic liquids and its permeability through the gastrointestinal tract (Ferraz et al. 2007; FDA, 1997; Manadas, et al. 2002; Pita et al., 2004), factors ...
Aspects of successful drug discovery and
Aspects of successful drug discovery and

... of drug discovery projects lead to a clinical candidate and only 10% of the compounds that enter clinical development achieve registration. The industry as a whole thus has been faced in the past with an overall average drug discovery and development cost of at least US$ 800 million (Overby, 2001). ...
Bioavailability - physicochemical and dosage form factors
Bioavailability - physicochemical and dosage form factors

... The more soluble and rapidly dissolving amorphous form of novobiocin was readily absorbed following oral administration of an aqueous suspension to humans and dogs. However, the less soluble and slower-dissolving crystalline form of novobiocin was not absorbed to any significant extent. The crystall ...
Xanax drug - National Obesity Forum
Xanax drug - National Obesity Forum

... bosnia. TIG1 promoter snps and their zonal location a? Jaks or not important to all cases of! 018 years old in which allow us well as it can act, of. C3b needed to some limitations at 37°c. Behaviour with, the actions that pbm requires. Infrascapular regions conversely, pt physical frailty framingha ...
Rational Use and Interpretation of Urine Drug Testing in
Rational Use and Interpretation of Urine Drug Testing in

... drug screening method has been available for many years (Toxi-Lab, MP Products, Amersfoort, Netherlands), but the assay takes 3 to 4 hr. Gas chromatographic methods for drug screening have been described, but they generally require extraction and derivatization steps that are time-consuming [34]. ...
Effects of UN and Russian Influence on Drug Policy in Central Asia
Effects of UN and Russian Influence on Drug Policy in Central Asia

... supervised drug consumption sites—notwithstanding the clear conclusions reached by the legal advisers of the UN drug control program that such interventions are permissible under the Conventions.106 As a number of commentators have highlighted: The ideal of a “drug free world” (to quote from the dec ...
Therapeutic drug monitoring of atypical antipsychotic drugs
Therapeutic drug monitoring of atypical antipsychotic drugs

... efficacy and the adverse effects of clozapine are positively correlated with the plasma concentration of the drug. Norclozapine is not a useful predictor of therapeutic response (30). Most researchers have found that the threshold plasma clozapine concentration at steadystate of 350–420 ng mL–1 is a ...
PDF - International Journal of Drug Development and Research
PDF - International Journal of Drug Development and Research

... ©2013 IJDDR Development and Optimization of Gastroretentive drug delivery system for Oseltamivir Yong Tze Teen1, Adinarayana Gorajana1*, P. S. Rajinikanth1, Sreenivas Patro Sisinthy2, ...
Contained Chemistry - SafeBridge Consultants, Inc.
Contained Chemistry - SafeBridge Consultants, Inc.

... clofarabine for Genzyme's drug Clolar and 5-azacitidine for Vidaza (developed by Pharmion and now part of Celgene), also produces compounds for the National Cancer Institute. With vessels up to 500 gal, the company focuses on API volumes of less than 1 metric ton per year, Munk says. It recently ins ...
Relative Reinforcing Effects of Three Opioids with Different
Relative Reinforcing Effects of Three Opioids with Different

... Relatively little is known about what properties of drugs of abuse contribute to their reinforcing effects. It is generally acknowledged, however, that stimuli function better as reinforcers if there is relatively little delay between the response and reinforcer delivery (Renner, 1964; de Villiers, ...
Chirality and its Importance in Pharmaceutical Field- An
Chirality and its Importance in Pharmaceutical Field- An

... ABSTRACT: Until recently, the majority of single-isomer drugs available were those derived from natural sources (e.g. morphine, epinephrine, hyoscine), and racemates predominated. There is now clear evidence of a trend in the pharmaceutical industry towards the development of chiral drugs. Several f ...
Drugs - Hormone Restoration
Drugs - Hormone Restoration

... via inhibiting or stimulating cytochrome P-450 iso-enzymes. An influence of antiepileptic drugs on hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal axis appears to be sex-dependent. In males, valproate decreased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) but elevated dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ...
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. - All India Council For Technical
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. - All India Council For Technical

... All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) established as a statutory body by the Government of India through Act No.52 of 1987 has been broadly vested with the responsibility of coordinated and integrated development of technical education in the country. ...
INFLUENCE OF BLENDING OF CHITOSAN AND PULLULAN ON THEIR DRUG... BEHAVIOR: AN IN-VITRO STUDY Research Article
INFLUENCE OF BLENDING OF CHITOSAN AND PULLULAN ON THEIR DRUG... BEHAVIOR: AN IN-VITRO STUDY Research Article

... The drug release duration and order of drug release profile from polymeric films embedded with drug is important for its biomedical applications8-11. It is well known that the release mechanism is dependent on the carrier used. For immediate release formulations the entire quantity of solid drug par ...
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Orphan drug

An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical agent that has been developed specifically to treat a rare medical condition, the condition itself being referred to as an orphan disease.In the US and EU it is easier to gain marketing approval for an orphan drug, and there may be other financial incentives, such as extended exclusivity periods, all intended to encourage the development of drugs which might otherwise lack a sufficient profit motive. The assignment of orphan status to a disease and to any drugs developed to treat it is a matter of public policy in many countries, and has resulted in medical breakthroughs that may not have otherwise been achieved due to the economics of drug research and development.According to Thomson Reuters in their 2012 publication ""The Economic Power of Orphan Drugs"", there has been increased investing in orphan drug Research and Development partly due to the U. S. Orphan Drug Act (ODA) 1983 and similar Acts in other regions of the world and also driven by ""high-profile philanthropic funding."" The period between 2001 to 2011 was the ""most productive period in the history of orphan drug development, in terms of average annual orphan drug designations and orphan drug approvals."" For the same decade the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of the orphan drugs was an ""impressive 25.8 percent, compared to only 20.1 percent for a matched control group of non-orphan drugs."" By 2012 the market for orphan drugs was worth USD$637 million compared to the USD$638 million matched control group of non-orphan drugs, Thomson Reuters.By 2012, ""the revenue-generating potential of orphan drugs [was] as great as for non-orphan drugs, even though patient populations for rare diseases are significantly smaller. Moreover, we suggest that orphan drugs have greater profitability when considered in the full context of developmental drivers including government financial incentives, smaller clinical trial sizes, shorter clinical trial times and higher rates of regulatory success.""
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