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7TH CLASSES PHYSICS DAILY PLAN
7TH CLASSES PHYSICS DAILY PLAN

... From the experiments if we connect a rod to the terminals of a battery, If we increase the voltage, current will also increase so, I=V The opposition against the flow of the electrons is called the Resistance, R, of the wire. The resistance of a wire is the voltage applied to its ends, divided by th ...
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... spacing of 800 m and flight altitude of 305 m above ground were used in both cases. South of 65N, data were acquired digitally in three surveys flown between 1996 and 1997. A flight-line spacing of 800 m and flight altitude of 150 m above ground were used for these surveys. Calculation of the vertic ...
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... magnetic force. • We call one end of a permanent magnet “N” or North, and the other end of a permanent magnet “S” or South • The N and S are called magnetic poles – ...
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... We assume that nearest-neighbor spins have a lower energy if they are oriented parallel to each other than if they are anti-parallel. Such systems are called ferromagnets. There are also materials in which neighboring spins align in opposite directions; these are called antiferromagnets. For the fer ...
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... A horizontal elastic cord of natural length a is fixed at one end and a small mass m is attached to the other end. The mass rotates uniformly in a horizontal circle on a smooth horizontal surface. When the mass takes time T to complete one revolution, the length of the cord is 1.5a. The angular spee ...
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... 2. Magnetic field lines: It is the curved paths along which the iron filings arrange Themselves due to the force acting on them in the magnetic field of the bar magnet. 3. Properties of Magnetic field lines: (i) It starts from the north pole of a magnet and end at its south pole. (ii) It is a closed ...
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... ignored quantum mechanical effects • Many materials, only conduct when sufficient voltage is applied to move electrons into a “conduction band” in the material • Examples are semiconductor diodes which have very far from linear voltage versus current plots ...
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Giant magnetoresistance



Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in thin-film structures composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers. The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR.The effect is observed as a significant change in the electrical resistance depending on whether the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers are in a parallel or an antiparallel alignment. The overall resistance is relatively low for parallel alignment and relatively high for antiparallel alignment. The magnetization direction can be controlled, for example, by applying an external magnetic field. The effect is based on the dependence of electron scattering on the spin orientation.The main application of GMR is magnetic field sensors, which are used to read data in hard disk drives, biosensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other devices. GMR multilayer structures are also used in magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) as cells that store one bit of information.In literature, the term giant magnetoresistance is sometimes confused with colossal magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic semiconductors, which is not related to the multilayer structure.
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