Visual Stimulation Regulates the Expression of Transcription Factors
... after dark rearingfor all of the conditionsshownin Figure IB. We have conductedthe sameset of controls on tissuefrom animals that were dark-reared only and have obtained identical results. Taken together, these findings attest to the specificity of the EMSA results and allow confident evaluation of ...
... after dark rearingfor all of the conditionsshownin Figure IB. We have conductedthe sameset of controls on tissuefrom animals that were dark-reared only and have obtained identical results. Taken together, these findings attest to the specificity of the EMSA results and allow confident evaluation of ...
Cerebellar Loops with Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex of a
... Materials and Methods This report is based on observations from 14 Cebus apella monkeys (Cebus; 1.3–2 kg) (Table 1). In five of these animals, we placed multiple injections of rabies into M1 and allowed the animals to survive 2–5 d after injection to establish the time course of rabies transport. Th ...
... Materials and Methods This report is based on observations from 14 Cebus apella monkeys (Cebus; 1.3–2 kg) (Table 1). In five of these animals, we placed multiple injections of rabies into M1 and allowed the animals to survive 2–5 d after injection to establish the time course of rabies transport. Th ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... situated eulaminate orbitofrontal areas, although CB is still more densely distributed than PV (Dombrowski et al. 2001). In the cartoon in Fig. 1 orbitofrontal areas have the first three cortical types (left to right). The type of cortex with a dense granular layer 4 (Fig. 1B, far right) is not seen ...
... situated eulaminate orbitofrontal areas, although CB is still more densely distributed than PV (Dombrowski et al. 2001). In the cartoon in Fig. 1 orbitofrontal areas have the first three cortical types (left to right). The type of cortex with a dense granular layer 4 (Fig. 1B, far right) is not seen ...
Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Autism Spectrum
... Under-connectivity is often considered as a decrease in connectivity relative to a standard or normative comparison value. This can be a “global” decrease between different nodes of a network, like the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the default mode netwo ...
... Under-connectivity is often considered as a decrease in connectivity relative to a standard or normative comparison value. This can be a “global” decrease between different nodes of a network, like the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the default mode netwo ...
Cortical Parcellations of the Macaque Monkey
... Another objective of this study was to estimate the total number of distinct cortical areas in the macaque. This number represents a fundamental aspect of brain organization in any mammalian species, yet has proven difficult to resolve even in intensively studied species like the macaque. Published p ...
... Another objective of this study was to estimate the total number of distinct cortical areas in the macaque. This number represents a fundamental aspect of brain organization in any mammalian species, yet has proven difficult to resolve even in intensively studied species like the macaque. Published p ...
No Slide Title
... Many visual areas are organized as retinotopic maps: locations next to each other in the outside world are represented by neurons close to each other in cortex. Although the topology is thus preserved, the mapping typically is highly nonlinear (yielding large deformations in representation). ...
... Many visual areas are organized as retinotopic maps: locations next to each other in the outside world are represented by neurons close to each other in cortex. Although the topology is thus preserved, the mapping typically is highly nonlinear (yielding large deformations in representation). ...
Increased taste intensity perception exhibited by
... Weinstein, 2001). Diagnosis was performed by experienced clinicians based on history, general physical exam, and detailed neurological exam, especially sensory, motor, reflex and gait examinations. Briefly, all CBP patients had unrelenting pain for more than one year, primarily localized to the lumb ...
... Weinstein, 2001). Diagnosis was performed by experienced clinicians based on history, general physical exam, and detailed neurological exam, especially sensory, motor, reflex and gait examinations. Briefly, all CBP patients had unrelenting pain for more than one year, primarily localized to the lumb ...
Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
... Animal and human studies have suggested that cannabidiol (CBD) may possess anxiolytic properties, but how these effects are mediated centrally is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate this using functional neuroimaging. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured at rest usin ...
... Animal and human studies have suggested that cannabidiol (CBD) may possess anxiolytic properties, but how these effects are mediated centrally is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate this using functional neuroimaging. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured at rest usin ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... development of short and long connections which are the wiring for sensory integration and behavioral outputs. Simultaneously, cortical glial cells and the vascular network are maturing towards adult patterns. In rodents most of the synapses in the neocortex are formed and many intrinsic and extrins ...
... development of short and long connections which are the wiring for sensory integration and behavioral outputs. Simultaneously, cortical glial cells and the vascular network are maturing towards adult patterns. In rodents most of the synapses in the neocortex are formed and many intrinsic and extrins ...
Electroencephalogram based Brain
... Comparing the different EEG based BCIs, it can be seen that each method has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, motor imagery requires user training and also the response time is slower (the imaginary movement causes changes in EEG to show up only after a few seconds) seconds but this paradig ...
... Comparing the different EEG based BCIs, it can be seen that each method has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, motor imagery requires user training and also the response time is slower (the imaginary movement causes changes in EEG to show up only after a few seconds) seconds but this paradig ...
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... Global versus Local Architecture and Connections A different approach to architecture is to group areas by cortical type.2,8,20 The methods of parcellating by architecture and by type share some features but also have key differences. Architectonic areas are mapped on the basis of local features, su ...
... Global versus Local Architecture and Connections A different approach to architecture is to group areas by cortical type.2,8,20 The methods of parcellating by architecture and by type share some features but also have key differences. Architectonic areas are mapped on the basis of local features, su ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... that the BG participates in open-loop circuits with the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC). Specifically, the ventral striatum (VStr) projects to the dorsal PFC, but does not receive input back from the dorsal PFC. Our results expand on the finding that there exist openloop circuits between the BG and m ...
... that the BG participates in open-loop circuits with the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC). Specifically, the ventral striatum (VStr) projects to the dorsal PFC, but does not receive input back from the dorsal PFC. Our results expand on the finding that there exist openloop circuits between the BG and m ...
The pattern of ocular dominance columns in macaque visual cortex
... these two systems would correspond to columns for the left and right eye respectively, while the thinner pale bands would represent the boundaries between adjacent columns. We therefore set out to test this idea directly by marking the column boundaries with lesions in a physiological experiment and ...
... these two systems would correspond to columns for the left and right eye respectively, while the thinner pale bands would represent the boundaries between adjacent columns. We therefore set out to test this idea directly by marking the column boundaries with lesions in a physiological experiment and ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... signal, and did not modulate their activity during the preparatory period. Neurons of the most common type shared both properties by modifying their activity in relation to both movement preparation and execution (Fig. 3B). For all three types, the shape of activity modulation did, of course, strong ...
... signal, and did not modulate their activity during the preparatory period. Neurons of the most common type shared both properties by modifying their activity in relation to both movement preparation and execution (Fig. 3B). For all three types, the shape of activity modulation did, of course, strong ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... calls for empirical Bayes. Empirical Bayes uses a hierarchical generative model, in which estimates of causes at one level act as (empirical) priors for the level below. In this way, the brain can recapitulate the hierarchical causal structure of the environment: for example, the meaning of a phrase ...
... calls for empirical Bayes. Empirical Bayes uses a hierarchical generative model, in which estimates of causes at one level act as (empirical) priors for the level below. In this way, the brain can recapitulate the hierarchical causal structure of the environment: for example, the meaning of a phrase ...
Anatomical organization of the eye fields in the human and non
... Within the frontal cortex of the macaque monkey, the performance of voluntary saccadic eye movements involves at least three distinct regions: the frontal eye field (FEF) (Bruce et al., 1985), the supplementary eye field (SEF) (Schlag and Schlag-Rey, 1987a,b) and the cingulate eye field (CEF) (Gaymard ...
... Within the frontal cortex of the macaque monkey, the performance of voluntary saccadic eye movements involves at least three distinct regions: the frontal eye field (FEF) (Bruce et al., 1985), the supplementary eye field (SEF) (Schlag and Schlag-Rey, 1987a,b) and the cingulate eye field (CEF) (Gaymard ...
Behavioral Detectability of Single-Cell Stimulation in the Ventral
... Analysis. We restricted the analysis of behavioral responses to those single-cell stimulation and catch trials in which animals were considered attentive, as judged by their performance in microstimulation trials. Specifically, singlecell stimulation trials and catch trials were included if the anim ...
... Analysis. We restricted the analysis of behavioral responses to those single-cell stimulation and catch trials in which animals were considered attentive, as judged by their performance in microstimulation trials. Specifically, singlecell stimulation trials and catch trials were included if the anim ...
Functional segregation of the temporal lobes into highly
... gyrus and precuneus. The clear lateralization of language processing is also supported by analyses of brain morphologies (Binder et al., 1996; Hugdahl et al., 1998; Jancke et al., 1994; Jancke and Steinmetz, 1993), focusing specifically on the asymmetry of the planum temporale, which is generally la ...
... gyrus and precuneus. The clear lateralization of language processing is also supported by analyses of brain morphologies (Binder et al., 1996; Hugdahl et al., 1998; Jancke et al., 1994; Jancke and Steinmetz, 1993), focusing specifically on the asymmetry of the planum temporale, which is generally la ...
Organization of Visual Inputs to the Inferior Temporal and Posterior
... was injected into the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus in one procedure, and 4 d later, 4 ~1 of 5% wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP; 0.2 pi/injection) was injected into the inferior temporal cortex. In all cases, the injection volumes listed were greater tha ...
... was injected into the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus in one procedure, and 4 d later, 4 ~1 of 5% wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP; 0.2 pi/injection) was injected into the inferior temporal cortex. In all cases, the injection volumes listed were greater tha ...
Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... review several basic facts about astrocytes and then selectively survey some of their functions, particularly emphasizing recent findings about metabolic interactions between astrocytes and neurons. We also discuss features of astrocyte function as they relate to synaptic plasticity and emerging con ...
... review several basic facts about astrocytes and then selectively survey some of their functions, particularly emphasizing recent findings about metabolic interactions between astrocytes and neurons. We also discuss features of astrocyte function as they relate to synaptic plasticity and emerging con ...
Are mesopontine cholinergic neurons either necessary or sufficient
... from the basal forebrain.28,29 This is not an issue in the rat brain, where only the thalamic reticular nucleus receives an innervation from the basal forebrain,30 with the remaining cholinergic innervation deriving from the brainstem. We further confirmed that the acetylcholine release which was me ...
... from the basal forebrain.28,29 This is not an issue in the rat brain, where only the thalamic reticular nucleus receives an innervation from the basal forebrain,30 with the remaining cholinergic innervation deriving from the brainstem. We further confirmed that the acetylcholine release which was me ...
Conditioned tone control of brain reward behavior produces highly
... throughout the primary auditory cortex. Penetrations were accomplished with an Inchworm motor controller (model 8200, EXFO Burleigh Instruments, Victor, NY). Images of the surface of the cortex and the location of the points of penetration were captured ...
... throughout the primary auditory cortex. Penetrations were accomplished with an Inchworm motor controller (model 8200, EXFO Burleigh Instruments, Victor, NY). Images of the surface of the cortex and the location of the points of penetration were captured ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA ...
... Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.