Lecture 26-BasalGanglia
... Parkinson’s disease results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra These neurons project to other structures in the basal ganglia The basal ganglia includes the striatum, substantia nigra, globus pallidus and subthalmus ...
... Parkinson’s disease results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra These neurons project to other structures in the basal ganglia The basal ganglia includes the striatum, substantia nigra, globus pallidus and subthalmus ...
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... model of the disease. Metabolic imaging and electrophysiological studies in the MPTP model have demonstrated that neuronal discharge is increased in the STN, GPi, and SNr but decreased in the GPe. These findings prompted the development of a model in which dopamine depletion leads to (1) increased a ...
... model of the disease. Metabolic imaging and electrophysiological studies in the MPTP model have demonstrated that neuronal discharge is increased in the STN, GPi, and SNr but decreased in the GPe. These findings prompted the development of a model in which dopamine depletion leads to (1) increased a ...
interoception and the sentient self
... cortex can be viewed as limbic sensory cortex, because it provides descending control of brainstem homeostatic integration in PB, and the cingulate cortex can be viewed as limbic motor cortex, because it projects densely to the behavioural/autonomic columns of the PAG. Lesions at cingulate cortex an ...
... cortex can be viewed as limbic sensory cortex, because it provides descending control of brainstem homeostatic integration in PB, and the cingulate cortex can be viewed as limbic motor cortex, because it projects densely to the behavioural/autonomic columns of the PAG. Lesions at cingulate cortex an ...
Functional and comparative assessments of the octopus learning
... more neurons than the popular mammalian models, mouse and rat (20). Due to this enormously increased number of nerve cells and the encephalization of the ganglionic masses, the octopus central nervous system resembles the vertebrate brain more than the ganglionic chain of its close molluscan relativ ...
... more neurons than the popular mammalian models, mouse and rat (20). Due to this enormously increased number of nerve cells and the encephalization of the ganglionic masses, the octopus central nervous system resembles the vertebrate brain more than the ganglionic chain of its close molluscan relativ ...
Circuits and Circuit Disorders of the Basal Ganglia
... model of the disease. Metabolic imaging and electrophysiological studies in the MPTP model have demonstrated that neuronal discharge is increased in the STN, GPi, and SNr but decreased in the GPe. These findings prompted the development of a model in which dopamine depletion leads to (1) increased a ...
... model of the disease. Metabolic imaging and electrophysiological studies in the MPTP model have demonstrated that neuronal discharge is increased in the STN, GPi, and SNr but decreased in the GPe. These findings prompted the development of a model in which dopamine depletion leads to (1) increased a ...
Hierarchical organization of functional connectivity in the mouse brain
... from mice. In particular, a set of anatomical regions of interest is individuated (see SI for the complete list) and the corresponding activity (whence the name “functional”) is recorded, in order to obtain the related set of time series; afterwards, the (temporal) correlation for each pair of areas ...
... from mice. In particular, a set of anatomical regions of interest is individuated (see SI for the complete list) and the corresponding activity (whence the name “functional”) is recorded, in order to obtain the related set of time series; afterwards, the (temporal) correlation for each pair of areas ...
Fundamental principles and mechanisms of the conscious self.
... Alexei V. Samsonovich1 and Lynn Nadel2 (1Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA; 2Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA) ...
... Alexei V. Samsonovich1 and Lynn Nadel2 (1Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA; 2Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA) ...
Pituitary Gland Functional Connectivity and BMI by Paige Rucker A
... The most obvious connection seen between the pituitary gland and obesity is visible in the physical manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome. In Cushing’s syndrome, the body is subjected to abnormally high levels of circulating glucocorticoids. Most often this high exposure is induced endogenously by pi ...
... The most obvious connection seen between the pituitary gland and obesity is visible in the physical manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome. In Cushing’s syndrome, the body is subjected to abnormally high levels of circulating glucocorticoids. Most often this high exposure is induced endogenously by pi ...
Impaired Neurocognitive Functions Affect Social Learning
... thought, and behavior is necessary. The present conceptualization is based on our recent review in which we provide a coherent picture of the neurobiology of ODD and CD within the framework of these three interrelated mental domains (Matthys et al. 2012). In extension of this review, here we discuss ...
... thought, and behavior is necessary. The present conceptualization is based on our recent review in which we provide a coherent picture of the neurobiology of ODD and CD within the framework of these three interrelated mental domains (Matthys et al. 2012). In extension of this review, here we discuss ...
Neuron Production, Neuron Number, and Structure Size Are
... Insight Color video camera and SPOT Advanced imaging software (Diagnostic Instruments, Version 2.4.5 for Windows): (a) the hyperstriatum accessorium (HA), (b) the hyperstriatum ventrale and hyperstriatum dorsale together (HV/HD), (c) the neostriatum and ectostriatum together (Neo/Ecto), and (d) the ...
... Insight Color video camera and SPOT Advanced imaging software (Diagnostic Instruments, Version 2.4.5 for Windows): (a) the hyperstriatum accessorium (HA), (b) the hyperstriatum ventrale and hyperstriatum dorsale together (HV/HD), (c) the neostriatum and ectostriatum together (Neo/Ecto), and (d) the ...
Hypothesized neural dynamics of working memory
... scales (e.g., [36]). For example, electroencephalogram (EEG) activity may play causal roles, in some of its manifestations, even if it is epiphenomenal in others. Graded potentials and currents are more ubiquitous aspects of neural physiology than are the action potentials that they sometimes genera ...
... scales (e.g., [36]). For example, electroencephalogram (EEG) activity may play causal roles, in some of its manifestations, even if it is epiphenomenal in others. Graded potentials and currents are more ubiquitous aspects of neural physiology than are the action potentials that they sometimes genera ...
Semantic and episodic components of brand knowledge
... acquisition (Milner et al. 1998). Second, semantic and episodic memory systems are subject to different forms of biases and distortions (Schacter & Slotnick 2004). Episodic memory is a late-developing and earlydeteriorating memory system, more vulnerable than other memory systems to neuronal dysfunc ...
... acquisition (Milner et al. 1998). Second, semantic and episodic memory systems are subject to different forms of biases and distortions (Schacter & Slotnick 2004). Episodic memory is a late-developing and earlydeteriorating memory system, more vulnerable than other memory systems to neuronal dysfunc ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... nucleus (PA, case AX; Table 1), which are associated with autonomic functions (for reviews see Saper, 1990; Loewy, 1991). The needle was lowered to a selected cortical site under microscopic inspection. For cortical injections, small amounts of the injectate (0.05^0.1 Wl, 8% HRP-WGA; 0.4 Wl, 3% FB; ...
... nucleus (PA, case AX; Table 1), which are associated with autonomic functions (for reviews see Saper, 1990; Loewy, 1991). The needle was lowered to a selected cortical site under microscopic inspection. For cortical injections, small amounts of the injectate (0.05^0.1 Wl, 8% HRP-WGA; 0.4 Wl, 3% FB; ...
A Stress-Induced Shift From Trace to Delay Conditioning Depends
... To assess delay and trace conditioning in one task, we intermixed a CS1 that coterminated with the US (CS1delay) (Figure 2), another CS1 that was followed by the US after an interval of 3 seconds (CS1trace), and a third stimulus that was never reinforced (conditioned stimulus not paired with the US, ...
... To assess delay and trace conditioning in one task, we intermixed a CS1 that coterminated with the US (CS1delay) (Figure 2), another CS1 that was followed by the US after an interval of 3 seconds (CS1trace), and a third stimulus that was never reinforced (conditioned stimulus not paired with the US, ...
Anomalous Prefrontal-Subcortical Activation in
... DLPFC N-acetylaspartate levels, a marker of neuronal density, in adults8 and children9 with BD. Additionally, children with BD during a manic episode were reported to have increased myo-inositol levels in the ACC.10 In light of these findings, it is likely that these prefrontal areas are involved i ...
... DLPFC N-acetylaspartate levels, a marker of neuronal density, in adults8 and children9 with BD. Additionally, children with BD during a manic episode were reported to have increased myo-inositol levels in the ACC.10 In light of these findings, it is likely that these prefrontal areas are involved i ...
Catecholamines and conditioned blocking: effects of ventral
... and 3 one animal started training with the single CS 'a' whilst the other continued with free exploration of the box. Both received training with the compound CS 'ab' (light and tone) on days 4 and 5. The learning ...
... and 3 one animal started training with the single CS 'a' whilst the other continued with free exploration of the box. Both received training with the compound CS 'ab' (light and tone) on days 4 and 5. The learning ...
Brain rhythms in mental time travel
... and a slowly changing contextual representation reflecting a summary version of recent experience. These representations interact via the associative circuitry of the brain, which is assumed to consist of both long-standing associations as well as associations based on recent experience. Stimulus-rel ...
... and a slowly changing contextual representation reflecting a summary version of recent experience. These representations interact via the associative circuitry of the brain, which is assumed to consist of both long-standing associations as well as associations based on recent experience. Stimulus-rel ...
Conserved regulators of cognitive aging: From worms to humans
... and translation-dependent (1 h post-training) stages, suggesting that massed training can be used to test both short-term and intermediate-term memory [196]. LTAM lasts 16–24 h after training, and is dependent on transcription, translation, and CREB activity [100], factors that are required for long ...
... and translation-dependent (1 h post-training) stages, suggesting that massed training can be used to test both short-term and intermediate-term memory [196]. LTAM lasts 16–24 h after training, and is dependent on transcription, translation, and CREB activity [100], factors that are required for long ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
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... mode network components; and in subcortical nuclei, including the amygdala, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Such cortical and subcortical hotspots of functional connectivity were more clearly evident at lower frequencies (0.02–0.1 Hz) than at higher frequencies (0.1–0.2 Hz) of endogenous oscillation. C ...
... mode network components; and in subcortical nuclei, including the amygdala, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Such cortical and subcortical hotspots of functional connectivity were more clearly evident at lower frequencies (0.02–0.1 Hz) than at higher frequencies (0.1–0.2 Hz) of endogenous oscillation. C ...
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory Since H.M.
... 46%, n = 1 (Mayes et al. 2002)]. Neurohistological data from two of these patients (L.M. and W.H.) suggest an explanation for this striking consistency. As described above, these two patients had extensive cell loss in the hippocampus as well as in the dentate gyrus. Accordingly, a reduction in hipp ...
... 46%, n = 1 (Mayes et al. 2002)]. Neurohistological data from two of these patients (L.M. and W.H.) suggest an explanation for this striking consistency. As described above, these two patients had extensive cell loss in the hippocampus as well as in the dentate gyrus. Accordingly, a reduction in hipp ...
Limbic system
The limbic system (or paleomammalian brain) is a complex set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum. It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. It includes the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas.The limbic system supports a variety of functions including epinephrine flow, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories.Although the term only originated in the 1940s, some neuroscientists, including Joseph LeDoux, have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate.