BRAINSTEM
... Crossing-over of corticospinal (motor) tract at the level of the transition between medulla and spinal cord. Visible on the ventral brainstem surface. As a result of the decussation, one side of the brain controls the muscles of the opposite side. Ascending afferent axonal pathway in the brainstem ( ...
... Crossing-over of corticospinal (motor) tract at the level of the transition between medulla and spinal cord. Visible on the ventral brainstem surface. As a result of the decussation, one side of the brain controls the muscles of the opposite side. Ascending afferent axonal pathway in the brainstem ( ...
PREFRONTAL AND MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE INTERACTIONS IN
... effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions on recognition15,22,23 whereas other researchers have reported deficits13,24. The importance of the perirhinal cortex for familiarity-based memory is less controversial. Electrophysiological studies have found perirhinal neurons that show diminished responses ...
... effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions on recognition15,22,23 whereas other researchers have reported deficits13,24. The importance of the perirhinal cortex for familiarity-based memory is less controversial. Electrophysiological studies have found perirhinal neurons that show diminished responses ...
Emotional Arousal and Memory Binding
... pay more attention to them. Brain-imaging studies reveal that people show more activation in visual-processing regions for emotionally intense pictures than they do for emotionally neutral pictures (e.g., M.A. Bradley et al., 2003; Mather et al., 2006). These differences occur even when emotional an ...
... pay more attention to them. Brain-imaging studies reveal that people show more activation in visual-processing regions for emotionally intense pictures than they do for emotionally neutral pictures (e.g., M.A. Bradley et al., 2003; Mather et al., 2006). These differences occur even when emotional an ...
(2003). Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in
... effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions on recognition15,22,23 whereas other researchers have reported deficits13,24. The importance of the perirhinal cortex for familiarity-based memory is less controversial. Electrophysiological studies have found perirhinal neurons that show diminished responses ...
... effects of hippocampal or fornix lesions on recognition15,22,23 whereas other researchers have reported deficits13,24. The importance of the perirhinal cortex for familiarity-based memory is less controversial. Electrophysiological studies have found perirhinal neurons that show diminished responses ...
doc - physiologicalcomputing.org
... Gilbert, Volle, & Burgess, 2010) as opposed to strangers (Krienen et al., 2010). On this basis, Krienen et al. (2010) suggested that the rPFC is part of an area related to the evaluation of social relations, such as identifying which persons are friendly/known, thus connecting activation of the rPFC ...
... Gilbert, Volle, & Burgess, 2010) as opposed to strangers (Krienen et al., 2010). On this basis, Krienen et al. (2010) suggested that the rPFC is part of an area related to the evaluation of social relations, such as identifying which persons are friendly/known, thus connecting activation of the rPFC ...
Broken Mirrors: A Theory of Autism
... the late 1990s, investigators in our laboratory at the University of California, San Diego, set out to explore whether there was a connection between autism and a newly discovered class of nerve cells in the brain called mirror neurons. Because these neurons appeared to be involved in abilities such ...
... the late 1990s, investigators in our laboratory at the University of California, San Diego, set out to explore whether there was a connection between autism and a newly discovered class of nerve cells in the brain called mirror neurons. Because these neurons appeared to be involved in abilities such ...
the biological perspective
... knobs), which are responsible for communicating with other nerve cells. (See Figure 2.1.) Neurons make up a large part of the brain but they are not the only cells that affect our thinking, learning, memory, perception, and all of the other facets of life that make us who we are. The other primary c ...
... knobs), which are responsible for communicating with other nerve cells. (See Figure 2.1.) Neurons make up a large part of the brain but they are not the only cells that affect our thinking, learning, memory, perception, and all of the other facets of life that make us who we are. The other primary c ...
Dissociating Hippocampal Subregions: A Double
... probability that any two CA3 neurons will receive mossyfiber input synapses from a similar subset of DG cells. Shapiro and Olton (1994) also suggested that pattern separation may be facilitated by projections from the entorhinal cortex to CA1 and also across connections between CA3 and CA1. Thus, al ...
... probability that any two CA3 neurons will receive mossyfiber input synapses from a similar subset of DG cells. Shapiro and Olton (1994) also suggested that pattern separation may be facilitated by projections from the entorhinal cortex to CA1 and also across connections between CA3 and CA1. Thus, al ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... Given that these various strategies seem to be present in a range of organisms, why do they exist simultaneously? In other words, why are human behaviors often driven by a habitual stimulus-response system, when we have the machinery for more flexible goal-directed actions instead? One explanation c ...
... Given that these various strategies seem to be present in a range of organisms, why do they exist simultaneously? In other words, why are human behaviors often driven by a habitual stimulus-response system, when we have the machinery for more flexible goal-directed actions instead? One explanation c ...
Identification of a Functional Connectome for Long
... revealed distinct patterns of Fos expression in the trained vs. control (no shock) mice following testing at both the 1 day (P,0.05; Figure 2C) and 36 day (P,0.01; Figure 2D) delay. At the 1 day retention delay, these distinct patterns of activation were primarily driven by increases in Fos expressi ...
... revealed distinct patterns of Fos expression in the trained vs. control (no shock) mice following testing at both the 1 day (P,0.05; Figure 2C) and 36 day (P,0.01; Figure 2D) delay. At the 1 day retention delay, these distinct patterns of activation were primarily driven by increases in Fos expressi ...
PART IV INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION IN HUMANS
... frontal lobe sends out motor commands to lower brain centers that pass them on to motor neurons. The primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe receives sensory information from lower brain centers in communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefro ...
... frontal lobe sends out motor commands to lower brain centers that pass them on to motor neurons. The primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe receives sensory information from lower brain centers in communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefro ...
The evolution of brains from early mammals to humans
... regions, the cortical areas. Such a brain mediates accomplishments and abilities unmatched by any other species. How did such a brain evolve? Answers come from comparative studies of the brains of present-day mammals and other vertebrates in conjunction with information about brain sizes and shapes ...
... regions, the cortical areas. Such a brain mediates accomplishments and abilities unmatched by any other species. How did such a brain evolve? Answers come from comparative studies of the brains of present-day mammals and other vertebrates in conjunction with information about brain sizes and shapes ...
13 Nervous System
... frontal lobe sends out motor commands to lower brain centers that pass them on to motor neurons. The primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe receives sensory information from lower brain centers in communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefro ...
... frontal lobe sends out motor commands to lower brain centers that pass them on to motor neurons. The primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe receives sensory information from lower brain centers in communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefro ...
E ffects of different kinds of acute stress on nerve growth factor
... hippocampus, seems to be reduced [36]. In our experiment, we observed a significant reduction of NGF content in amygdala and frontal cortex only. Interestingly both brain regions, the amygdala and the frontal cortex, are implicated in processing of fear responses as well as in the activation of the ...
... hippocampus, seems to be reduced [36]. In our experiment, we observed a significant reduction of NGF content in amygdala and frontal cortex only. Interestingly both brain regions, the amygdala and the frontal cortex, are implicated in processing of fear responses as well as in the activation of the ...
Document
... The blood-brain barrier – tightlypacked cells of blood vessel walls prevent entry of many molecules ...
... The blood-brain barrier – tightlypacked cells of blood vessel walls prevent entry of many molecules ...
Validation of hippocampal volumes measured using a
... with alveus and simultaneous 3D position markings in the coronal and sagittal views (Fig. 1). The investigator identified suspected boundary pixels from the coronal view, while the orthogonal view displayed the pixel in the same position in the sagittal view. On sagittal MR images, the hippocampus w ...
... with alveus and simultaneous 3D position markings in the coronal and sagittal views (Fig. 1). The investigator identified suspected boundary pixels from the coronal view, while the orthogonal view displayed the pixel in the same position in the sagittal view. On sagittal MR images, the hippocampus w ...
Functionalism Cannot Save the Classical View of Emotion (long
... in brain. A compromise was struck—emotions were assigned to live in ancient parts of the brain that control the body, dubbed the “limbic system”, a.k.a., our inner beast, whereas cognitions were assigned to the cortex like a crown designed for us by evolution, setting the stage for the “triune brain ...
... in brain. A compromise was struck—emotions were assigned to live in ancient parts of the brain that control the body, dubbed the “limbic system”, a.k.a., our inner beast, whereas cognitions were assigned to the cortex like a crown designed for us by evolution, setting the stage for the “triune brain ...
Inside the Brain
... Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is a type of analysis applied to MRI images that is used to measure the volume of specific brain structures. By comparing healthy and diseased brains, researchers can detect the subtle structural changes that occur in neurological and psychiatric conditions. It can dete ...
... Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) is a type of analysis applied to MRI images that is used to measure the volume of specific brain structures. By comparing healthy and diseased brains, researchers can detect the subtle structural changes that occur in neurological and psychiatric conditions. It can dete ...
Associative learning signals in the brain
... Overall, the most dramatic change in place-field activity in the novel arm occurred on days 1 and 2 and stabilized by day 3. To understand the relationship between the rapid development of place-cell activity and learning, the authors compared various measures of place-cell activity to a behavioral m ...
... Overall, the most dramatic change in place-field activity in the novel arm occurred on days 1 and 2 and stabilized by day 3. To understand the relationship between the rapid development of place-cell activity and learning, the authors compared various measures of place-cell activity to a behavioral m ...
The Structure of the Nervous System
... cerebrum. Figure 7.4b shows the rat cerebrumas it appearswhen viewed from above. Notice that it is clearly split down the middle into two cerebral hemispheres, separatedby the deep sagittalfissure.In general, the right cerebralhemisphere receives sensationsfrom, and controls movements of, the left s ...
... cerebrum. Figure 7.4b shows the rat cerebrumas it appearswhen viewed from above. Notice that it is clearly split down the middle into two cerebral hemispheres, separatedby the deep sagittalfissure.In general, the right cerebralhemisphere receives sensationsfrom, and controls movements of, the left s ...
Limbic system
The limbic system (or paleomammalian brain) is a complex set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum. It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. It includes the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas.The limbic system supports a variety of functions including epinephrine flow, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories.Although the term only originated in the 1940s, some neuroscientists, including Joseph LeDoux, have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate.