subcortical white matter (centrum semiovale)
... to or from the ‘outside’ of the brain - internal capsule - projection tracts between the cerebral cortex, and thalamus and spinal cord - in horizontal cross-section, internal capsule is a V-shaped collection of axonal tracts, with the angle of the ‘V’ (the “genu”) pointing medially, separating the l ...
... to or from the ‘outside’ of the brain - internal capsule - projection tracts between the cerebral cortex, and thalamus and spinal cord - in horizontal cross-section, internal capsule is a V-shaped collection of axonal tracts, with the angle of the ‘V’ (the “genu”) pointing medially, separating the l ...
Brain, Cranial Nerves, and Spinal Cord
... – Be able to identify and name the structures listed in your Lab Study Guide using the human brain models or photographs of the human brains (from designated slides in Lab 13) – Be able to identify and state the number and name of four of the twelve cranial nerves: I, II, III, and V on the human bra ...
... – Be able to identify and name the structures listed in your Lab Study Guide using the human brain models or photographs of the human brains (from designated slides in Lab 13) – Be able to identify and state the number and name of four of the twelve cranial nerves: I, II, III, and V on the human bra ...
Neuroscience 14b – Organisation of the Cerebral Cortex
... cord and corpus striatum. 6. Fusiform layer VI, which contains few large pyramidal neurons and many small spindle-like pyramidal and fusiform neurones; it sends efferent fibers to the thalamus, establishing a very precise reciprocal interconnection between the cortex and the thalamus. All the layers ...
... cord and corpus striatum. 6. Fusiform layer VI, which contains few large pyramidal neurons and many small spindle-like pyramidal and fusiform neurones; it sends efferent fibers to the thalamus, establishing a very precise reciprocal interconnection between the cortex and the thalamus. All the layers ...
Auditory (Cochlear) System
... has crossed and uncrossed fibers (inputs from both ears), unilateral lesions of the LL will result in bilateral hearing deficits that are more pronounced on the ear contralateral to the lesion. All the fibers of the LL terminate in the inferior colliculus ...
... has crossed and uncrossed fibers (inputs from both ears), unilateral lesions of the LL will result in bilateral hearing deficits that are more pronounced on the ear contralateral to the lesion. All the fibers of the LL terminate in the inferior colliculus ...
layer 4 - Molecular and Cell Biology
... • Normal visual input may not be necessary for the initial formation, but required for fine tuning and maintenance of visual circuit • Initial OD development may depend on spontaneous activity (e.g., retinal waves, correlated between neighboring RGC, but uncorrelated between the two eyes) ...
... • Normal visual input may not be necessary for the initial formation, but required for fine tuning and maintenance of visual circuit • Initial OD development may depend on spontaneous activity (e.g., retinal waves, correlated between neighboring RGC, but uncorrelated between the two eyes) ...
Structure-Function I
... • internal capsule sensory input from thalamus motor output to spinal cord ...
... • internal capsule sensory input from thalamus motor output to spinal cord ...
Sauve CVE 2015 - Calgary Vision Event
... Adaptation over 2 - 3 weeks. The sensitivity of the VOR is state-dependent and tends to decline over days and weeks if the vestibular apparatus is constantly over-stimulated. Mechanism: presynaptic inhibition of transmission interneurons. Occurs in Labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease (gradual destructi ...
... Adaptation over 2 - 3 weeks. The sensitivity of the VOR is state-dependent and tends to decline over days and weeks if the vestibular apparatus is constantly over-stimulated. Mechanism: presynaptic inhibition of transmission interneurons. Occurs in Labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease (gradual destructi ...
Afferents to the Optic Tectum of the Leopard Frog: An HRP Study
... Trachtenberg and Ingle, '74). This condition seems unique to anurans; a telencephalo-tectal projection exists in mammals (Nauta and Bucher, '54), birds (Karten, '69), reptiles (Butler and Ebbesson, '75), teleosts (Vanegas and Ebbesson, '76), and sharks (Ebbesson, '72). This absence in anurans is pec ...
... Trachtenberg and Ingle, '74). This condition seems unique to anurans; a telencephalo-tectal projection exists in mammals (Nauta and Bucher, '54), birds (Karten, '69), reptiles (Butler and Ebbesson, '75), teleosts (Vanegas and Ebbesson, '76), and sharks (Ebbesson, '72). This absence in anurans is pec ...
15 2nd,3rd, 4th &6th..
... The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers run superficially in the nerve and are therefore the first axons to suffer when a nerve is affected by external pressure. Consequently, the first sign of compression of the occulomotor nerve is ipsilateral slowness of the pupillary response to light. ...
... The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers run superficially in the nerve and are therefore the first axons to suffer when a nerve is affected by external pressure. Consequently, the first sign of compression of the occulomotor nerve is ipsilateral slowness of the pupillary response to light. ...
Viktor`s Notes * Visual Pathways and Cortex
... layers 2, 3, 5 receive input from ipsilateral eye. only 10-20% input to lateral geniculate nucleus comes from retina!; there is major feedback input from visual cortex visual processing related to perception of orientation and motion. ...
... layers 2, 3, 5 receive input from ipsilateral eye. only 10-20% input to lateral geniculate nucleus comes from retina!; there is major feedback input from visual cortex visual processing related to perception of orientation and motion. ...
The Visual System: From Eye to Cortex - U
... • We all have a blind spot at the optic disk, due to the exit of axons from the retinal ganglion cells • We are normally unaware of our blind spots, even when looking through one stationary eye because of completion; the visual system is able to use visual information gathered from receptors around ...
... • We all have a blind spot at the optic disk, due to the exit of axons from the retinal ganglion cells • We are normally unaware of our blind spots, even when looking through one stationary eye because of completion; the visual system is able to use visual information gathered from receptors around ...
The Visual System: From Eye to Cortex - U
... • What we perceive at any instance is the sum of the input that has been received during the last few fixations; this temporal integration of the retinal images explains why our visual images are detailed, colored, and wide-angled, despite the small size of the fovea; it also explains why things don ...
... • What we perceive at any instance is the sum of the input that has been received during the last few fixations; this temporal integration of the retinal images explains why our visual images are detailed, colored, and wide-angled, despite the small size of the fovea; it also explains why things don ...
Michael Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence
... Michael Arbib CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2001. Lecture 20. Schemas 1 ...
... Michael Arbib CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2001. Lecture 20. Schemas 1 ...
Slide 1
... the proposed visual, somatosensory, auditory, and motor areas. Visual areas include the primary (V1) and secondary (V2) areas, common to most mammals, but with the modular subdivisions (blobs in V1; bands in V2) characteristic of primates. As in other primates, galagos have a third visual area (V3), ...
... the proposed visual, somatosensory, auditory, and motor areas. Visual areas include the primary (V1) and secondary (V2) areas, common to most mammals, but with the modular subdivisions (blobs in V1; bands in V2) characteristic of primates. As in other primates, galagos have a third visual area (V3), ...
Slide 1 - Elsevier Store
... There was a steady, slow progression of preferred orientations, although there were a few positions where the orientations changed more abruptly. (B) Schematic diagram of an electrode penetration through layer 4C (left) and the retinotopic positions of receptive fields (right). Numbers (1–5) indicat ...
... There was a steady, slow progression of preferred orientations, although there were a few positions where the orientations changed more abruptly. (B) Schematic diagram of an electrode penetration through layer 4C (left) and the retinotopic positions of receptive fields (right). Numbers (1–5) indicat ...
ANPS 019 Black 11-30
... -synapses on motor neurons in cranial nerve nuclei: CN III & IV exit at midbrain CN V, VI & VII exit at pons CN IX, X, XI & XII exit at medulla Since upper motor neurons innervate the cranial nerve nuclei bilaterally, the other side provides backup innervation; therefore, damage doesn’t result in cl ...
... -synapses on motor neurons in cranial nerve nuclei: CN III & IV exit at midbrain CN V, VI & VII exit at pons CN IX, X, XI & XII exit at medulla Since upper motor neurons innervate the cranial nerve nuclei bilaterally, the other side provides backup innervation; therefore, damage doesn’t result in cl ...
text - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ. Conn. Health
... eye movements, and into the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC), located in the midbrain. The pulse of excitation reaching the lower motor neurons in the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei results in the sudden contraction of the relevant extraocular muscles and the abrupt execution of a vertical sacca ...
... eye movements, and into the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC), located in the midbrain. The pulse of excitation reaching the lower motor neurons in the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei results in the sudden contraction of the relevant extraocular muscles and the abrupt execution of a vertical sacca ...
Motor control
... • People with neuropathy can still make complex, coordinated movements. • However, once they start to make small errors, those ...
... • People with neuropathy can still make complex, coordinated movements. • However, once they start to make small errors, those ...
Lecture 9
... Close your LEFT eye and move head closer to or further away from the screen until the central red circle disappears – always fixate the CROSS. ...
... Close your LEFT eye and move head closer to or further away from the screen until the central red circle disappears – always fixate the CROSS. ...
Function
... Dopamine is crucial to the reward system. In nature, we learn to repeat behaviors that lead to unexpected rewards. Dopamine is therefore believed by many to provide a teaching signal to parts of the brain responsible for acquiring new motor sequences, i.e., behaviors. ...
... Dopamine is crucial to the reward system. In nature, we learn to repeat behaviors that lead to unexpected rewards. Dopamine is therefore believed by many to provide a teaching signal to parts of the brain responsible for acquiring new motor sequences, i.e., behaviors. ...
The Special Senses and Functional Aspects of the Nervous System
... areas and makes connection between sensory and motor areas. These areas recognize, analyze, and respond to sensory information. Integrate Information!!! Association area functions are learning and reasoning, memory storage and recall, language abilities, and consciousness Motor areas- located primar ...
... areas and makes connection between sensory and motor areas. These areas recognize, analyze, and respond to sensory information. Integrate Information!!! Association area functions are learning and reasoning, memory storage and recall, language abilities, and consciousness Motor areas- located primar ...
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus (A model for all
... LGN: sometimes also called the “dLGN” because it is in the dorsal thalamus. But because there is no similarly large ventral counterpart (at least in primates, probably), usually omit the “d”. LGN lesions: extremely rare. (significant damage around the thalamus leads to coma etc. and then visual fie ...
... LGN: sometimes also called the “dLGN” because it is in the dorsal thalamus. But because there is no similarly large ventral counterpart (at least in primates, probably), usually omit the “d”. LGN lesions: extremely rare. (significant damage around the thalamus leads to coma etc. and then visual fie ...
Why light
... Layers 1 & 2 probably carry information about movement, location. Layers 3, 4, 5, & 6 probably carry information about form and color. Buy why 4 layers for form and color. My guess is that there’s a finer “breakdown” of the layers into 3&4 and 5&6. It is not yet known precisely what the differences ...
... Layers 1 & 2 probably carry information about movement, location. Layers 3, 4, 5, & 6 probably carry information about form and color. Buy why 4 layers for form and color. My guess is that there’s a finer “breakdown” of the layers into 3&4 and 5&6. It is not yet known precisely what the differences ...
Cerebellum - UCSD Cognitive Science
... – Mossy fibers (cortex): contact granule cells with a collateral to deep nuclei; excitatory (GLU) (MF state vector) – Climbing fibers (spinal cord/brainstem): contact Purkinje cells with a collateral to deep nuclei; excitatory (CF state vector: training/ error signal) ...
... – Mossy fibers (cortex): contact granule cells with a collateral to deep nuclei; excitatory (GLU) (MF state vector) – Climbing fibers (spinal cord/brainstem): contact Purkinje cells with a collateral to deep nuclei; excitatory (CF state vector: training/ error signal) ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.