Introduction - Bulgarian Chemical Communications
... conformationally restricted transition states typical of cyclization and ring-opening reactions the situation becomes worse because the geometrical requirements become more specific and no longer correspond to those defining ES – the steric hindrance arising in acid catalyzed hydrolysis of open-chai ...
... conformationally restricted transition states typical of cyclization and ring-opening reactions the situation becomes worse because the geometrical requirements become more specific and no longer correspond to those defining ES – the steric hindrance arising in acid catalyzed hydrolysis of open-chai ...
chemistry advanced may 2010 marking scheme
... (d) Consider the following hydrides: CH4, NH3 and H2S. (i) State and explain briefly the acid–base properties (if any) of the substances. CH4 is neutral since it does not accept or donate protons. (0.5) NH3 is a base since it accepts protons to form NH4+. (0.5) H2S is an acid donating a proton to f ...
... (d) Consider the following hydrides: CH4, NH3 and H2S. (i) State and explain briefly the acid–base properties (if any) of the substances. CH4 is neutral since it does not accept or donate protons. (0.5) NH3 is a base since it accepts protons to form NH4+. (0.5) H2S is an acid donating a proton to f ...
Chapter 1 Review, pages 72–77
... carbon single bond with carbon number 1 and a triple bond with carbon number 3, and with a chlorine atom bonded to it. Altogether, this carbon number 2 forms five bonds. Since a carbon can form at most four bonds, the compound 2-chloro-2-butyne does not exist. (b) From the name 2-methyl-2-propanone, ...
... carbon single bond with carbon number 1 and a triple bond with carbon number 3, and with a chlorine atom bonded to it. Altogether, this carbon number 2 forms five bonds. Since a carbon can form at most four bonds, the compound 2-chloro-2-butyne does not exist. (b) From the name 2-methyl-2-propanone, ...
Spring 2015 CH 421 Name ________________________________________ 1. Consider the structures of vanillin and vanillyl alcohol.
... 8. Which peak from the 1H NMR of vanillin will disappear upon its conversion to vanillyl alcohol? Indicate the chemical shift rounded to the tenths digit. (Note the other peaks may be shifted, but they are still present in the product.) ...
... 8. Which peak from the 1H NMR of vanillin will disappear upon its conversion to vanillyl alcohol? Indicate the chemical shift rounded to the tenths digit. (Note the other peaks may be shifted, but they are still present in the product.) ...
Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
... Mechanism of Acylation Step 1: formation of an acylium ion (the electrophilic species) by reaction of the acyl chloride with the catalyst. ...
... Mechanism of Acylation Step 1: formation of an acylium ion (the electrophilic species) by reaction of the acyl chloride with the catalyst. ...
Bluing Components and Other Pigments of Boletes
... umbonatus. Gevillin B has also been isolated from Gasteroboletus laricinus. ...
... umbonatus. Gevillin B has also been isolated from Gasteroboletus laricinus. ...
Chapter 9 Alcohols, Ethers, and Epoxides
... • Primary and 2° alcohols can be converted to alkyl halides using SOCl2 and PBr3. • SOCl2 (thionyl chloride) converts alcohols into alkyl chlorides. • PBr3 (phosphorus tribromide) converts alcohols into alkyl bromides. • Both reagents convert ¯OH into a good leaving group in situ—that is, directly i ...
... • Primary and 2° alcohols can be converted to alkyl halides using SOCl2 and PBr3. • SOCl2 (thionyl chloride) converts alcohols into alkyl chlorides. • PBr3 (phosphorus tribromide) converts alcohols into alkyl bromides. • Both reagents convert ¯OH into a good leaving group in situ—that is, directly i ...
Novel Brønsted-acidic ionic liquids based on benzothiazolium
... entry 8 in Table III). Yields of 70.3–97.3 % were obtained, which demonstrated that IL 1a is an efficient catalyst for the esterification of benzoic acid with single alcohols. The reaction phenomena varied with the solubility of the catalyst in the reactants. When benzoic acid reacted with ethanol, ...
... entry 8 in Table III). Yields of 70.3–97.3 % were obtained, which demonstrated that IL 1a is an efficient catalyst for the esterification of benzoic acid with single alcohols. The reaction phenomena varied with the solubility of the catalyst in the reactants. When benzoic acid reacted with ethanol, ...
Chapter 16 Aldehydes and Ketones I. Nucleophilic Addition to
... Dissolving aldehydes or ketones in water causes formation of an equilibrium between the carbonyl compound and its hydrate l The hydrate is also called a gem-diol l The equilibrum favors a ketone over its hydrate because the tetrahedral ketone hydrate is stericallycrowded l Aqueous solution of formal ...
... Dissolving aldehydes or ketones in water causes formation of an equilibrium between the carbonyl compound and its hydrate l The hydrate is also called a gem-diol l The equilibrum favors a ketone over its hydrate because the tetrahedral ketone hydrate is stericallycrowded l Aqueous solution of formal ...
The characteristic reaction of aromatic rings
... Reactions of the Side Chain of Alkylbenzenes t Benzylic Radicals and Cations l When toluene undergoes hydrogen abstraction from its methyl group it produces a benzyl radical è A benzylic radical is a radical in which the carbon bearing the unpaired electron is directly bonded to an aromatic ring ...
... Reactions of the Side Chain of Alkylbenzenes t Benzylic Radicals and Cations l When toluene undergoes hydrogen abstraction from its methyl group it produces a benzyl radical è A benzylic radical is a radical in which the carbon bearing the unpaired electron is directly bonded to an aromatic ring ...
Functional Groups - La Salle University
... – Molecular formula C3H6 – Used to make the polymer polypropylene and is the starting material for acetone ...
... – Molecular formula C3H6 – Used to make the polymer polypropylene and is the starting material for acetone ...
Common Incompatible Chemicals
... chromic acid, ethylene glycol, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates ...
... chromic acid, ethylene glycol, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates ...
PPA 1. Testing for Unsaturation
... P.P.A. 7 Preparation of a Salt The aim of the experiment is to prepare a pure sample of a soluble salt such as magnesium sulphate. Magnesium is added to dilute hydrochloric acid until no further evolution of hydrogen gas, this marks the end of the reaction. The excess magnesium is filtered off and s ...
... P.P.A. 7 Preparation of a Salt The aim of the experiment is to prepare a pure sample of a soluble salt such as magnesium sulphate. Magnesium is added to dilute hydrochloric acid until no further evolution of hydrogen gas, this marks the end of the reaction. The excess magnesium is filtered off and s ...
Aldehydes and ketones
... When some aldehyde is added to Tollens reagent and the mixture warmed, a redox reaction occurs. ...
... When some aldehyde is added to Tollens reagent and the mixture warmed, a redox reaction occurs. ...
Chapter 15 Multistep Syntheses
... Alcohol to alkyl halide with PX3 (x=Br, Cl, I) alkyl halide to alcohol with NaOH Ketone to Ketal with acid/ROH Ketal to Keone with acid/H2O Ester to Acid with NaOH followed by acidification Acid to Ester with acid and ROH Nitrile to Amide with NaOH/H2O Amide to Nitrile with POCl3 Acid chloride to Ac ...
... Alcohol to alkyl halide with PX3 (x=Br, Cl, I) alkyl halide to alcohol with NaOH Ketone to Ketal with acid/ROH Ketal to Keone with acid/H2O Ester to Acid with NaOH followed by acidification Acid to Ester with acid and ROH Nitrile to Amide with NaOH/H2O Amide to Nitrile with POCl3 Acid chloride to Ac ...
BHR - A Brief History - Process Intensification Network
... 2-phase to 3-phase to 2-phase mixing, mass transfer limited High and Low Viscosity mixing medium to long residence times (several minutes to hours) Low exotherm (~3kJ/mol) ...
... 2-phase to 3-phase to 2-phase mixing, mass transfer limited High and Low Viscosity mixing medium to long residence times (several minutes to hours) Low exotherm (~3kJ/mol) ...
Amines
... However, instead of measuring an amine’s basicity using the above equilibrium, chemists usually refer to the acidity of the conjugate acid of the amine. The weaker the conjugate acid, the stronger the base strength of the amine. ...
... However, instead of measuring an amine’s basicity using the above equilibrium, chemists usually refer to the acidity of the conjugate acid of the amine. The weaker the conjugate acid, the stronger the base strength of the amine. ...
Solid Manganese Dioxide as an Oxidizing Agent
... Codeinone. -Codeine (201 mg., 0.ti7 mmole) was dissolved in 25 ml. of chloroform and stirred over 600 mg. of manganese dioxidela for 10 minutes. The solution was filtered through a sintered glass funnel, the manganese dioxide washed twice with chloroform, and the filtrates concentrated a t reduced p ...
... Codeinone. -Codeine (201 mg., 0.ti7 mmole) was dissolved in 25 ml. of chloroform and stirred over 600 mg. of manganese dioxidela for 10 minutes. The solution was filtered through a sintered glass funnel, the manganese dioxide washed twice with chloroform, and the filtrates concentrated a t reduced p ...
GRADE 12A: Chemistry 5
... why not everyone could differentiate between L- and D-carvone. Ask students to use the Internet to research the use of thalidomide and relate the resultant problems to optical isomerism. Ask them to prepare a report detailing the case, making recommendations on how this scenario could be prevented i ...
... why not everyone could differentiate between L- and D-carvone. Ask students to use the Internet to research the use of thalidomide and relate the resultant problems to optical isomerism. Ask them to prepare a report detailing the case, making recommendations on how this scenario could be prevented i ...
Petasis reaction
The Petasis reaction (alternatively called the Petasis borono–Mannich (PBM) reaction) is the chemical reaction of an amine, aldehyde, and vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form substituted amines.Reported in 1993 by Nicos Petasis as a practical method towards the synthesis of a geometrically pure antifungal agent, naftifine, the Petasis reaction can be described as a variation of the Mannich reaction. Rather than generating an enolate to form the substituted amine product, in the Petasis reaction, the vinyl group of the organoboronic acid serves as the nucleophile. In comparison to other methods of generating allyl amines, the Petasis reaction tolerates a multifunctional scaffold, with a variety of amines and organoboronic acids as potential starting materials. Additionally, the reaction does not require anhydrous or inert conditions. As a mild, selective synthesis, the Petasis reaction is useful in generating α-amino acids, and is utilized in combinatorial chemistry and drug discovery.