Biological Attack - National Academy of Engineering
... of most biological agents is unknown; approximate doses are extrapolated from animal studies. Whether a person becomes ill after exposure to a biological agent depends on a number of factors including: • Type and amount of agent taken into the body. • Duration of exposure. • Route of exposure (inhal ...
... of most biological agents is unknown; approximate doses are extrapolated from animal studies. Whether a person becomes ill after exposure to a biological agent depends on a number of factors including: • Type and amount of agent taken into the body. • Duration of exposure. • Route of exposure (inhal ...
Measles, Mumps and Rubella Infections and Encephalitis
... He wrote a letter to parents encouraging them to get their children vaccinated. Many countries across Europe are currently experiencing large epidemics of measles because not enough children have had the MMR vaccine. Acute Encephalitis contributed to 4 of 10 measles related deaths reported in Europe ...
... He wrote a letter to parents encouraging them to get their children vaccinated. Many countries across Europe are currently experiencing large epidemics of measles because not enough children have had the MMR vaccine. Acute Encephalitis contributed to 4 of 10 measles related deaths reported in Europe ...
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
... represents the highest number of cases ever previously reported). The highest incidence has been observed in children aged less than 10 years (peak age-group, 5–9 years),74,78 and among adults aged 40–64 years.80 The incidence is also high among men and white people.82,83 Between 1983 and 1998, five ...
... represents the highest number of cases ever previously reported). The highest incidence has been observed in children aged less than 10 years (peak age-group, 5–9 years),74,78 and among adults aged 40–64 years.80 The incidence is also high among men and white people.82,83 Between 1983 and 1998, five ...
NEWS TERRORISM &
... sick) of most biological agents is unknown; approximate doses are extrapolated from animal studies. Whether a person becomes ill after exposure to a biological agent depends on a number of factors including: • Type and amount of agent taken into the body. • Duration of exposure. • Route of exposure ...
... sick) of most biological agents is unknown; approximate doses are extrapolated from animal studies. Whether a person becomes ill after exposure to a biological agent depends on a number of factors including: • Type and amount of agent taken into the body. • Duration of exposure. • Route of exposure ...
3. Foodborne and suspected foodborne disease
... each year and that the cost of this illness is estimated at $1.2 billion per year1. This is likely to be an underestimate of the cost of enteric illness in Australia as not all enteric infections are caused by foodborne transmission. Other important modes of transmission include person-to-person, an ...
... each year and that the cost of this illness is estimated at $1.2 billion per year1. This is likely to be an underestimate of the cost of enteric illness in Australia as not all enteric infections are caused by foodborne transmission. Other important modes of transmission include person-to-person, an ...
Vaccine Evidences of parasite evolution after vaccination
... individuals. This suggests that, although there is likely a cost associated with these variants (in terms of their fitness in naı̈ve hosts; Fig. 1), it might be relatively small. The epidemiological models of Wilson et al. [5,6] assume that the vaccine-favored variant remains infectious to naı̈ve hos ...
... individuals. This suggests that, although there is likely a cost associated with these variants (in terms of their fitness in naı̈ve hosts; Fig. 1), it might be relatively small. The epidemiological models of Wilson et al. [5,6] assume that the vaccine-favored variant remains infectious to naı̈ve hos ...
Full Topic PDF
... from the infection prior to becoming adults.24 Some studies estimate that less than 1% of ticks carry pathogenic R. rickettsii, even in endemic areas.17 Because the tick bite is painless, many persons never know that a tick was attached. After at least 6 - 10 hours of attachment, rickettsiae begin ...
... from the infection prior to becoming adults.24 Some studies estimate that less than 1% of ticks carry pathogenic R. rickettsii, even in endemic areas.17 Because the tick bite is painless, many persons never know that a tick was attached. After at least 6 - 10 hours of attachment, rickettsiae begin ...
SNP Antibiogram – Respiratory Pathogens 2004 – 2010 comparison
... susceptibility will generally respond to higher doses of conventional beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, amoxycillin), treatment failures have occurred when such organisms have caused meningitis. Pneumonia caused by S pneumoniae and treated with parenteral penicillin can generally be successfully ...
... susceptibility will generally respond to higher doses of conventional beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, amoxycillin), treatment failures have occurred when such organisms have caused meningitis. Pneumonia caused by S pneumoniae and treated with parenteral penicillin can generally be successfully ...
The Mathematics of Vaccination
... 7 Optimal vaccination in space Whilst vaccination is used as a preventative measure to reduce the likelihood of disease outbreaks occurring, it also has major benefits if deployed efficiently to reduce disease spread during the course of an epidemic. Such ‘reactive’ vaccination strategies can reduce ...
... 7 Optimal vaccination in space Whilst vaccination is used as a preventative measure to reduce the likelihood of disease outbreaks occurring, it also has major benefits if deployed efficiently to reduce disease spread during the course of an epidemic. Such ‘reactive’ vaccination strategies can reduce ...
PFOA - CLU-IN
... of the four PFAS. Furthermore, there was a positive association between the maternal concentrations of PFOA and PFNA and the number of episodes of common cold for the children, and between PFOA and PFHxS and the number of episodes of gastroenteritis (assessed by questionnaire). ...
... of the four PFAS. Furthermore, there was a positive association between the maternal concentrations of PFOA and PFNA and the number of episodes of common cold for the children, and between PFOA and PFHxS and the number of episodes of gastroenteritis (assessed by questionnaire). ...
Pre-school immunisations A guide to vaccinations at three years and four months
... continue to be immunised, the diseases will come back, as seen with the recent high numbers of measles and mumps cases. The diseases are still around in Europe and parts of the world and, as people travel more, and more people come to visit this country, there is always a risk that the diseases will ...
... continue to be immunised, the diseases will come back, as seen with the recent high numbers of measles and mumps cases. The diseases are still around in Europe and parts of the world and, as people travel more, and more people come to visit this country, there is always a risk that the diseases will ...
Pre-school immunisations - a guide to vaccinations at three years
... continue to be immunised, the diseases will come back, as seen with the recent high numbers of measles and mumps cases. The diseases are still around in Europe and parts of the world and, as people travel more, and more people come to visit this country, there is always a risk that the diseases will ...
... continue to be immunised, the diseases will come back, as seen with the recent high numbers of measles and mumps cases. The diseases are still around in Europe and parts of the world and, as people travel more, and more people come to visit this country, there is always a risk that the diseases will ...
International Travel Guide
... Areas of Risk: Worldwide, very common in regions with poor sanitation in developing countries, particularly the tropics. Most infections occur in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Transmission: It is passed by fecal-oral route by eating or drinking contaminated food or water, person to pe ...
... Areas of Risk: Worldwide, very common in regions with poor sanitation in developing countries, particularly the tropics. Most infections occur in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Transmission: It is passed by fecal-oral route by eating or drinking contaminated food or water, person to pe ...
Human African trypanosomiasis: a review of non
... was requested from the World Health Organization (WHO). The treatment was sent by the WHO, but was subsequently delayed by 9 days while it was held at Italian customs.36 The patient’s symptoms abated once eflornithine treatment was started. While it is unlikely that a 9-day delay caused any significan ...
... was requested from the World Health Organization (WHO). The treatment was sent by the WHO, but was subsequently delayed by 9 days while it was held at Italian customs.36 The patient’s symptoms abated once eflornithine treatment was started. While it is unlikely that a 9-day delay caused any significan ...
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - Region of Waterloo Public Health
... What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? ...
... What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? ...
Biosafety standards for working with Crimean
... Following a regional epidemic in Turkey in 2003 and subsequent spread, 9787 cases with a CFR of 4.6 % were recorded by the end of 2015, which represents the highest number of cases on record (Korukluoglu, 2015). Studies in Turkey revealed a seroprevalence of 10–15 % in outbreak regions, with 88 % of ...
... Following a regional epidemic in Turkey in 2003 and subsequent spread, 9787 cases with a CFR of 4.6 % were recorded by the end of 2015, which represents the highest number of cases on record (Korukluoglu, 2015). Studies in Turkey revealed a seroprevalence of 10–15 % in outbreak regions, with 88 % of ...
Infectious Diseases - Austin Community College
... b. most need refrigeration; often unavailable where they are needed most c. the neediest countries cant afford them ...
... b. most need refrigeration; often unavailable where they are needed most c. the neediest countries cant afford them ...
Childhood immunisations
... your Practice Nurse, Health Visitor or GP. It is important that you only give the paracetamol or ibruprofen liquid if your baby has a raised temperature and appears unwell after the vaccination. They should not be given, either before or after the vaccination, as a ‘just in case’ measure, as the vac ...
... your Practice Nurse, Health Visitor or GP. It is important that you only give the paracetamol or ibruprofen liquid if your baby has a raised temperature and appears unwell after the vaccination. They should not be given, either before or after the vaccination, as a ‘just in case’ measure, as the vac ...
Think About Protecting Your Teen. Think Meningococcal Vaccination.
... The vaccine will help protect against the most common forms of the bacteria (N meningitidis strains A, C, Y, and W-135) that cause meningococcal disease. In fact, meningococcal vaccination has been used since the 1970s.12 Be aware, however, that meningococcal vaccination will only protect against in ...
... The vaccine will help protect against the most common forms of the bacteria (N meningitidis strains A, C, Y, and W-135) that cause meningococcal disease. In fact, meningococcal vaccination has been used since the 1970s.12 Be aware, however, that meningococcal vaccination will only protect against in ...
Immunisation for babies
... getting vomiting and diarrhoea caused by rotavirus. And the more babies that have the vaccine, the more difficult it will be for the virus to spread. Side effects of the vaccine The vaccine has been used extensively in other countries and has a good safety record. Occasionally, babies who have had t ...
... getting vomiting and diarrhoea caused by rotavirus. And the more babies that have the vaccine, the more difficult it will be for the virus to spread. Side effects of the vaccine The vaccine has been used extensively in other countries and has a good safety record. Occasionally, babies who have had t ...
Eradicating infectious disease using weakly transmissible vaccines
... sufficient proportion of the population to guarantee herd immunity [5]. This problem is particularly acute for diseases of wildlife, including emerging infectious diseases such as Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and rabies where direct vaccination is impractical, cost-prohibitive or e ...
... sufficient proportion of the population to guarantee herd immunity [5]. This problem is particularly acute for diseases of wildlife, including emerging infectious diseases such as Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and rabies where direct vaccination is impractical, cost-prohibitive or e ...
Influenza factsheet
... Influenza or 'flu' is a viral infection that mainly affects the nose, throat and the lungs. There are two main types of flu that cause infection; influenza A and influenza B. Influenza A is usually a more severe infection than influenza B and although influenza B tends to occur most often in childre ...
... Influenza or 'flu' is a viral infection that mainly affects the nose, throat and the lungs. There are two main types of flu that cause infection; influenza A and influenza B. Influenza A is usually a more severe infection than influenza B and although influenza B tends to occur most often in childre ...
Urbanization and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
... Clustering of measles cases in HIV-1–infected children during an inter-epidemic period - Study period: 1998 to 2001 ...
... Clustering of measles cases in HIV-1–infected children during an inter-epidemic period - Study period: 1998 to 2001 ...
B melitensis - WordPress.com
... The essential element in the treatment of all forms of human brucellosis is the administration of effective antibiotics for an adequate length of time. Treatment of uncomplicated cases in adults and children eight years of age and older: ...
... The essential element in the treatment of all forms of human brucellosis is the administration of effective antibiotics for an adequate length of time. Treatment of uncomplicated cases in adults and children eight years of age and older: ...
Vaccinations greatly reduces
... Immunization programmes have improved the primary care infrastructure in developing countries, lowered mortality in childhood and empowered women to better plan their families, with consequent health, social and economic benefits. Vaccination helps economic growth everywhere, because of lower morbid ...
... Immunization programmes have improved the primary care infrastructure in developing countries, lowered mortality in childhood and empowered women to better plan their families, with consequent health, social and economic benefits. Vaccination helps economic growth everywhere, because of lower morbid ...
Typhoid fever
Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a symptomatic bacterial infection due to Salmonella typhi. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe and usually begin six to thirty days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. Weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, and headaches also commonly occur. Diarrhea and vomiting are uncommon. Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots. In severe cases there may be confusion. Without treatment symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may carry the bacterium without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others. Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever along with paratyphoid fever.The cause is the bacterium Salmonella typhi, also known as Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, growing in the intestines and blood. Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Risk factors include poor sanitation and poor hygiene. Those who travel to the developing world are also at risk. Humans are the only animal infected. Diagnosis is by either culturing the bacteria or detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow. Culturing the bacterium can be difficult. Bone marrow testing is the most accurate. Symptoms are similar to that of many other infectious diseases. Typhus is a different disease.A typhoid vaccine can prevent about 50% to 70% of cases. The vaccine may be effective for up to seven years. It is recommended for those at high risk or people traveling to areas where the disease is common. Other efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean drinking water, better sanitation, and better handwashing. Until it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual should not prepare food for others. Treatment of disease is with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporins. Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment of the disease more difficult.In 2010 there were 27 million cases reported. The disease is most common in India, and children are most commonly affected. Rates of disease decreased in the developed world in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and use of antibiotics to treat the disease. About 400 cases are reported and the disease is estimated to occur in about 6,000 people per year in the United States. In 2013 it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990 (about 0.3% of the global total). The risk of death may be as high as 25% without treatment, while with treatment it is between 1 and 4%. The name typhoid means ""resembling typhus"" due to the similarity in symptoms.