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Electromagnetism - KCPE-KCSE
Electromagnetism - KCPE-KCSE

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Homework #7

... The figure below represents an electromagnetic brake that uses eddy currents. An electromagnet hangs from a railroad car near one rail. To stop the car, a large current is sent through the coils of the electromagnet. The moving electromagnet induces eddy currents in the rails, whose fields oppose th ...
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... Lenz's Law An induced current flows in such a direction that the induced magnetic field it creates opposes the action of the inducing magnetic field. If you find this statement of Lenz’s law confusing, you are not alone. The problem stems from the number of events which are occurring simultaneously. ...
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PHYS 1443 – Section 501 Lecture #1

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Multiferroics



Multiferroics have been formally defined as materials that exhibit more than one primary ferroic order parameter simultaneously (i.e. in a single phase), and many researchers in the field consider materials to be multiferroics only if they exhibit coupling between primary order parameters. However, the definition of multiferroics can be expanded to include non-primary order parameters, such as antiferromagnetism or ferrimagnetism.The four basic primary ferroic order parameters areferromagnetismferroelectricityferroelasticityferrotoroidicityThe last is a topic of some debate, as there was no evidence for switching ferrotoroidicity until recently.Many multiferroics are transition metal oxides with perovskite crystal structure, and include rare-earth manganites and -ferrites (e.g. TbMnO3, HoMn2O5, LuFe2O4 and recently, ""PZTFT"",). Other examples are the bismuth compounds BiFeO3 and BiMnO3, non-perovskite oxide LiCu2O2, and non-oxides such as BaNiF4 and spinel chalcogenides, e.g. ZnCr2Se4. These alloys show rich phase diagrams combining different ferroic orders in separate phases.Apart from single phase multiferroics, composites and heterostructures exhibiting more than one ferroic order parameter are studied extensively. Some examples include magnetic thin films on piezoelectric PMN-PT substrates and Metglass/PVDF/Metglass trilayer structures.Besides scientific interest in their physical properties, multiferroics have potential for applications as actuators, switches, magnetic field sensors or new types of electronic memory devices.
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