GENERAL CHEMISTRY SECTION IV: THERMODYNAMICS
... As we can see from the equation “ΔG = ΔH – TΔS,” spontaneity is more likely if ΔS = (+). And this makes sense – reactions happen because they ultimately make something easier (like energy being lowered in something); increasing disorder (such as dirtying a room) is easier than creating order (cleani ...
... As we can see from the equation “ΔG = ΔH – TΔS,” spontaneity is more likely if ΔS = (+). And this makes sense – reactions happen because they ultimately make something easier (like energy being lowered in something); increasing disorder (such as dirtying a room) is easier than creating order (cleani ...
Topic 9 Oxidation and Reduction Answers - slider-dpchemistry-11
... Rule/s: Three rules are used here. Firstly, hydrogen always has an oxidation of +1 (except in combination with reactive metals such as Na when it is -1). Secondly, oxygen always has an oxidation state of –2 (except in H2O2 where it is -1). These known values are used first. Finally, as all these mol ...
... Rule/s: Three rules are used here. Firstly, hydrogen always has an oxidation of +1 (except in combination with reactive metals such as Na when it is -1). Secondly, oxygen always has an oxidation state of –2 (except in H2O2 where it is -1). These known values are used first. Finally, as all these mol ...
Chlorine atom spin±orbit branching ratios and total
... high-quality ab initio data and should therefore be more accurate than the earlier partly semi-empirical G3 PES, spin±orbit coupling eects are not included in the BW2 PES while they are approximately included in the G3 PES. This together with the fact that the theoretical reaction cross-sections ...
... high-quality ab initio data and should therefore be more accurate than the earlier partly semi-empirical G3 PES, spin±orbit coupling eects are not included in the BW2 PES while they are approximately included in the G3 PES. This together with the fact that the theoretical reaction cross-sections ...
Answer Key, Problem Set 6 – complete, with explanations
... Draw a representation of what a solution with 8 formula units of CsF and a solution with 5 formula units of CaCl2 would look like, and then draw what a beaker would look like if the two solutions were mixed and the reaction was allowed to proceed to completion. Write the correct number and proper de ...
... Draw a representation of what a solution with 8 formula units of CsF and a solution with 5 formula units of CaCl2 would look like, and then draw what a beaker would look like if the two solutions were mixed and the reaction was allowed to proceed to completion. Write the correct number and proper de ...
1. Naturally occurring boron consists of two isotopes, boron–10 and
... 57. Equal numbers of moles of H2O(g), F2 (g), Cl2(g) are placed into a single container. The container has a pinhole-sized leak (1 mm), and after 10 minutes some gas has escaped from the container. What is best reason for why there is more Cl2 gas left in the container than any other gas? (NOTE: the ...
... 57. Equal numbers of moles of H2O(g), F2 (g), Cl2(g) are placed into a single container. The container has a pinhole-sized leak (1 mm), and after 10 minutes some gas has escaped from the container. What is best reason for why there is more Cl2 gas left in the container than any other gas? (NOTE: the ...
CHEM_01A_ExptD_Copper_Cycle_F14
... hoods before you begin the experiment. Be sure to wear your safety goggles and lab jacket at all times. In this lab, you will be using concentrated HNO3, 3M NaOH, and 6M H2SO4. Be mindful a ...
... hoods before you begin the experiment. Be sure to wear your safety goggles and lab jacket at all times. In this lab, you will be using concentrated HNO3, 3M NaOH, and 6M H2SO4. Be mindful a ...
Fall - Physical Chemistry Division
... structure in chemistry and physics. Many molecular processes involving energy transfer through excited states or transition metal catalysis, as well as exotic materials phenomena such as high temperature superconductivity, have an underlying physical origin in the behavior of strongly correlated ele ...
... structure in chemistry and physics. Many molecular processes involving energy transfer through excited states or transition metal catalysis, as well as exotic materials phenomena such as high temperature superconductivity, have an underlying physical origin in the behavior of strongly correlated ele ...
THERMODYNAMICS OF REACTING SYSTEMS
... For example, if in combustion of carbon, there is also carbon monoxide present, then two reactions are needed to describe the system. They can be as given below: 2C ...
... For example, if in combustion of carbon, there is also carbon monoxide present, then two reactions are needed to describe the system. They can be as given below: 2C ...
Chemistry (English) Grade 11 and 12
... hold the molecules of the species together; that is, the easier it is to break the bonds, the lower the boiling point will be. The more carbon atoms an alkane molecule has the more places are available for induced dipole – induced dipole “bonds” to form, so that more energy is needed to break the “b ...
... hold the molecules of the species together; that is, the easier it is to break the bonds, the lower the boiling point will be. The more carbon atoms an alkane molecule has the more places are available for induced dipole – induced dipole “bonds” to form, so that more energy is needed to break the “b ...
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
... In this second of two courses that comprise Chemistry, the student will explore the fundamental concepts of chemistry as he engages in reading and responding exercises, hands-on and virtual lab experiments, and interdisciplinary problem-solving activities. Throughout the course the student will anal ...
... In this second of two courses that comprise Chemistry, the student will explore the fundamental concepts of chemistry as he engages in reading and responding exercises, hands-on and virtual lab experiments, and interdisciplinary problem-solving activities. Throughout the course the student will anal ...
3.0 Hess`s Law
... known as Hess’s law: the overall enthalpy change in a reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for the individual steps in the process. • This means that the energy difference between reactants and products is independent of the route taken to get from one to the other. ...
... known as Hess’s law: the overall enthalpy change in a reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for the individual steps in the process. • This means that the energy difference between reactants and products is independent of the route taken to get from one to the other. ...
2010 - SAASTA
... carbon (as coke) reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. This is an exothermic reaction and this part of the furnace reaches temperatures of almost 2000°C. Hot CO 2 rises up the furnace and reacts with additional carbon to form carbon monoxide. This is an endothermic reaction. Carbon monoxide rea ...
... carbon (as coke) reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. This is an exothermic reaction and this part of the furnace reaches temperatures of almost 2000°C. Hot CO 2 rises up the furnace and reacts with additional carbon to form carbon monoxide. This is an endothermic reaction. Carbon monoxide rea ...
Mechanistic and Computational Studies of Ferroin, Simple Organic
... Figure 8. Molecular orbital bonding schemes of iron in the context of ligand field theory .........................63 Figure 9. Aqueous optimized structures of assorted singlet (S=0) bromine oxides .....................................72 Figure 10. Electrostatic potential of BrOOOOOBr .............. ...
... Figure 8. Molecular orbital bonding schemes of iron in the context of ligand field theory .........................63 Figure 9. Aqueous optimized structures of assorted singlet (S=0) bromine oxides .....................................72 Figure 10. Electrostatic potential of BrOOOOOBr .............. ...
DOC
... (b) some PCl5 is added? the "stress" is more PCl5 system needs to remove PCl5 reaction shifts in reverse and [Cl2] increases (c) the temp is increased? (this requires a H° value) the "stress" is added heat the system needs to remove heat since the reaction is exothermic, heat is a "product" addin ...
... (b) some PCl5 is added? the "stress" is more PCl5 system needs to remove PCl5 reaction shifts in reverse and [Cl2] increases (c) the temp is increased? (this requires a H° value) the "stress" is added heat the system needs to remove heat since the reaction is exothermic, heat is a "product" addin ...
Transmission Electron Microscopy I. Introduction
... as a phosphor, causing the material to emit visible light. The most common example is the screen of a television. • Cathodoluminescence occurs because the impingement of a high energy electron beam onto a semiconductor will result in the promotion of electrons from the valence band into the conducti ...
... as a phosphor, causing the material to emit visible light. The most common example is the screen of a television. • Cathodoluminescence occurs because the impingement of a high energy electron beam onto a semiconductor will result in the promotion of electrons from the valence band into the conducti ...
OCR_AS_Level_Chemistry_Unit_F321_Atoms
... Hydrated salts, like copper (II) sulphate crystals, contain water of crystallisation as part of their structure (they are not damp!) The water of crystallisation is shown in the formula by . which effectively means + e.g. CuSO4.5H2O The water of crystallisation can be driven off by strong heating to ...
... Hydrated salts, like copper (II) sulphate crystals, contain water of crystallisation as part of their structure (they are not damp!) The water of crystallisation is shown in the formula by . which effectively means + e.g. CuSO4.5H2O The water of crystallisation can be driven off by strong heating to ...
Practice Problem Set #6
... 1. Write balanced chemical equations for the reaction of hydrogen gas with oxygen, chlorine, and nitrogen. 2. Write a balanced chemical equation for the preparation of H2 (and CO) by the reaction of CH4 and water. Using a table of thermodynamic data, calculate ∆H°, ∆G°, and ∆S° for this reaction. ...
... 1. Write balanced chemical equations for the reaction of hydrogen gas with oxygen, chlorine, and nitrogen. 2. Write a balanced chemical equation for the preparation of H2 (and CO) by the reaction of CH4 and water. Using a table of thermodynamic data, calculate ∆H°, ∆G°, and ∆S° for this reaction. ...
Full answers
... The ratio of neutrons to protons (N/Z) is approximately 1 for low atomic numbers (Z 20), but it slowly rises to about 1.5 as Z increases. All elements with Z > 83 are unstable. Atoms with even numbers of N and Z tend to be more stable than those with odd numbers. There are some particularly stable ...
... The ratio of neutrons to protons (N/Z) is approximately 1 for low atomic numbers (Z 20), but it slowly rises to about 1.5 as Z increases. All elements with Z > 83 are unstable. Atoms with even numbers of N and Z tend to be more stable than those with odd numbers. There are some particularly stable ...
Spring 2001 Key
... mol of acid (63 g) and excess of hydroxide (one mole is 40 g, we have 60 g) all acid will be consumed, and hydroxide will be left over (one mole of water, 18 g, will also be produced) in this exothermic reaction (it will feel warm). (correct choice a) ________________________________________________ ...
... mol of acid (63 g) and excess of hydroxide (one mole is 40 g, we have 60 g) all acid will be consumed, and hydroxide will be left over (one mole of water, 18 g, will also be produced) in this exothermic reaction (it will feel warm). (correct choice a) ________________________________________________ ...
Chapter 6
... Let’s think about “reactions” with something more familiar than chemicals: For example, if explaining to a small child how to make a cheese sandwich, you might say, “start with two pieces of bread and one slice of cheese.” ...
... Let’s think about “reactions” with something more familiar than chemicals: For example, if explaining to a small child how to make a cheese sandwich, you might say, “start with two pieces of bread and one slice of cheese.” ...
Advanced Chemistry
... 7) When the concentration of B in the reaction below is doubled, all other factors being held constant, it is found that the rate of the reaction remains unchanged. 2 A(g) + B(g) 2 C(g) The most probable explanation for this observation is that (A) The order of the reaction with respect to substa ...
... 7) When the concentration of B in the reaction below is doubled, all other factors being held constant, it is found that the rate of the reaction remains unchanged. 2 A(g) + B(g) 2 C(g) The most probable explanation for this observation is that (A) The order of the reaction with respect to substa ...
Revised Syllabus - M. Sc. First Year - Chemistry
... Unifying Principles: Characterization of electromagnetic radiation, quantitation of energy, regions of the spectrum, interaction of radiation with molecular systems, typyes of molecular energies, factors affecting width and intensity of spectral lines, selection rule, general discussion on various m ...
... Unifying Principles: Characterization of electromagnetic radiation, quantitation of energy, regions of the spectrum, interaction of radiation with molecular systems, typyes of molecular energies, factors affecting width and intensity of spectral lines, selection rule, general discussion on various m ...
Comparing Free Energies
... DGorxn(T) = DHorxn – T DSorxn at different temperatures if we assume that the values of DSorxn and DHorxn remain constant at all temperatures (which is not necessarily the case, but allows us to make reasonable predictions). To facilitate the calculation of DGorxn at 25 oC and 1 atm for a chemical r ...
... DGorxn(T) = DHorxn – T DSorxn at different temperatures if we assume that the values of DSorxn and DHorxn remain constant at all temperatures (which is not necessarily the case, but allows us to make reasonable predictions). To facilitate the calculation of DGorxn at 25 oC and 1 atm for a chemical r ...
AP Chemistry
... (a) The radius of the K atom is 0.227 nm and the radius of the K+ ion is 0.133 nm. Account for this difference. (b) The lattice energy for MgO is –37954. kJ/mol, and the lattice energy for Na 2O is –2841. kJ/mol. Account for this difference. (c) Explain why Mg has a higher first ionization energy th ...
... (a) The radius of the K atom is 0.227 nm and the radius of the K+ ion is 0.133 nm. Account for this difference. (b) The lattice energy for MgO is –37954. kJ/mol, and the lattice energy for Na 2O is –2841. kJ/mol. Account for this difference. (c) Explain why Mg has a higher first ionization energy th ...
Lab 3. Chemical Reactions
... When elements or compounds chemically react to form products, no material (matter) is lost or gained. All of the atoms used as reactants are converted into products. Every atom of every element must be accounted for since they are not destroyed or created, just rearranged and recombined into new thi ...
... When elements or compounds chemically react to form products, no material (matter) is lost or gained. All of the atoms used as reactants are converted into products. Every atom of every element must be accounted for since they are not destroyed or created, just rearranged and recombined into new thi ...
Photoredox catalysis
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Photoredox catalysis is a branch of catalysis that harnesses the energy of visible light to accelerate a chemical reaction via a single-electron transfer. This area is named as a combination of ""photo-"" referring to light and redox, a condensed expression for the chemical processes of reduction and oxidation. In particular, photoredox catalysis employs small quantities of a light-sensitive compound that, when excited by light, can mediate the transfer of electrons between chemical compounds that otherwise would not react. Photoredox catalysts are generally drawn from three classes of materials: transition-metal complexes, organic dyes and semiconductors. While each class of materials has advantages, soluble transition-metal complexes are used most often.Study of this branch of catalysis led to the development of new methods to accomplish known and new chemical transformations. One attraction to the area is that photoredox catalysts are often less toxic than other reagents often used to generate free radicals, such as organotin reagents. Furthermore, while photoredox catalysts generate potent redox agents while exposed to light, they are innocuous under ordinary conditions Thus transition-metal complex photoredox catalysts are in some ways more attractive than stoichiometric redox agents such as quinones. The properties of photoredox catalysts can be modified by changing ligands and the metal, reflecting the somewhat modular nature of the catalyst.While photoredox catalysis has most often been applied to generate known reactive intermediates in a novel way, the study of this mode of catalysis led to the discovery of new organic reactions, such as the first direct functionalization of the β-arylation of saturated aldehydes. Although the D3-symmetric transition-metal complexes used in many photoredox-catalyzed reactions are chiral, the use of enantioenriched photoredox catalysts led to low levels of enantioselectivity in a photoredox-catalyzed aryl-aryl coupling reaction, suggesting that the chiral nature of these catalysts is not yet a highly effective means of transmitting stereochemical information in photoredox reactions. However, while synthetically useful levels of enantioselectivity have not been achieved using chiral photoredox catalysts alone, optically-active products have been obtained through the synergistic combination of photoredox catalysis with chiral organocatalysts such as secondary amines and Brønsted acids.