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Cloning Restriction Fragments of Cellular DNA
Cloning Restriction Fragments of Cellular DNA

... • These enzymes are isolated from bacteria, their natural source. • There are many different restriction endonucleases isolated from a variety of bacteria that are now readily available commercially. • In bacteria they act as part of a restriction/ modification system that protects the bacteria from ...
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... select for the survival of organisms through natural selection. Genetic diversity is necessary for the survival of some organisms through the processes of natural selection. Organisms that survive may undergo further genetic change, resulting in the evolution of the species. ...
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Chapter 12: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
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Topics Tested: Physics – Nine questions each on the topics below:

... These animals are only able to produce a limited amount of chitin. Exoskeletons are not living tissue, and therefore they cannot grow. A large exoskeleton would be too heavy to move. During molting, these animals are especially vulnerable to predators and therefore do no usually live long enough to ...
Appendix F - WordPress.com
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... Plant cell walls are digested away by enzymes leaving cells without cell walls. These are called protoplasts. When treated with polyethylene glycol different protoplasts may fuse, thus producing hybrid cells with DNA from both parents. ...
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I Preparation of Metaphase Chromosomes

... is achieved by moving negatively charged nucleic acid molecules through an agarose matrix with an electric field (electrophoresis). Shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer ones . 3.Analysis of PCR products, e.g. in molecular genetic diagnosis or genetic fingerprinting 2.Visuali ...
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Transformation (genetics)



In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s). Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, but it can also be effected by artificial means in other cells. For transformation to happen, bacteria must be in a state of competence, which might occur as a time-limited response to environmental conditions such as starvation and cell density.Transformation is one of three processes by which exogenous genetic material may be introduced into a bacterial cell, the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium).""Transformation"" may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, including animal and plant cells; however, because ""transformation"" has a special meaning in relation to animal cells, indicating progression to a cancerous state, the term should be avoided for animal cells when describing introduction of exogenous genetic material. Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells is often called ""transfection"".
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