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... indirect, methods to measure dopamine concentration in the striatum. By contrast, many other studies track the firing of dopaminergic neurons by recording electrical activity in the midbrain, where the cell bodies lie (Fig. 1a). Such recordings from rats running through mazes have yet to be reported ...
... indirect, methods to measure dopamine concentration in the striatum. By contrast, many other studies track the firing of dopaminergic neurons by recording electrical activity in the midbrain, where the cell bodies lie (Fig. 1a). Such recordings from rats running through mazes have yet to be reported ...
Fractionation of social brain circuits in autism
... decreases in long-range connectivity (Belmonte et al., 2004; see also Markram and Markram, 2010; Vattikuti and Chow, 2010). The extent to which abnormal connectivity in autism spectrum disorders is limited to domain-specific social brain areas has not been directly evaluated to date. In part, this h ...
... decreases in long-range connectivity (Belmonte et al., 2004; see also Markram and Markram, 2010; Vattikuti and Chow, 2010). The extent to which abnormal connectivity in autism spectrum disorders is limited to domain-specific social brain areas has not been directly evaluated to date. In part, this h ...
Activity-dependent editing of neuromuscular synaptic connections
... probability sites, resulting in a decreased quantal amplitude [22], followed by the loss of presynaptic terminal regions, continues until losing inputs permanently withdraw from junctions. Active inputs, on the other hand, emerge as winners in the competitive process, by maintaining a high quantal c ...
... probability sites, resulting in a decreased quantal amplitude [22], followed by the loss of presynaptic terminal regions, continues until losing inputs permanently withdraw from junctions. Active inputs, on the other hand, emerge as winners in the competitive process, by maintaining a high quantal c ...
Internal models underlying grasp can be additively combined
... motor commands (Wolpert and Kawato 1998; Haruno et al. 2001). The forces people employ when lifting an object from a table are precisely coordinated and provide an opportunity to study the formation of internal models. When using a precision grip, subjects scale both the horizontal grip force at the ...
... motor commands (Wolpert and Kawato 1998; Haruno et al. 2001). The forces people employ when lifting an object from a table are precisely coordinated and provide an opportunity to study the formation of internal models. When using a precision grip, subjects scale both the horizontal grip force at the ...
Attribution and reconstructive memory. Journal of Experimental
... Attribution questions. Prior to each session it was randomly determined whether subjects would be under the Attribution conditions or the No-attribution conditions. Subjects under the Attribution conditions were asked the following 4 questions immediately after observing the scenario: To what extent ...
... Attribution questions. Prior to each session it was randomly determined whether subjects would be under the Attribution conditions or the No-attribution conditions. Subjects under the Attribution conditions were asked the following 4 questions immediately after observing the scenario: To what extent ...
Cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the regulation of stress
... stress. Proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1b (IL-1b), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) are implicated in the etiologies of clinical depression and anxiety disorders. Prolonged stress responses and cytokines impair neuronal plasticity and stimulation of neurotra ...
... stress. Proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1b (IL-1b), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) are implicated in the etiologies of clinical depression and anxiety disorders. Prolonged stress responses and cytokines impair neuronal plasticity and stimulation of neurotra ...
neural circuitry approaches to understanding the pathophysiology
... However, in recent years, these two general approaches have given way to neural circuitry-based models that reflect a fuller appreciation of the fact that neurotransmitters act in an anatomically constrained fashion to produce specific biochemical effects at the cellular level, and that the localiza ...
... However, in recent years, these two general approaches have given way to neural circuitry-based models that reflect a fuller appreciation of the fact that neurotransmitters act in an anatomically constrained fashion to produce specific biochemical effects at the cellular level, and that the localiza ...
Lateral Inhibition Explains Savings in Conditioning and Extinction
... we demonstrate how synaptic plasticity, bidirectional excitation between cortical regions, and lateral inhibition within cortical regions interact so as to spontaneously segregate neural pathways associated with acquisition from those associated with extinction, allowing the effects of previous acqu ...
... we demonstrate how synaptic plasticity, bidirectional excitation between cortical regions, and lateral inhibition within cortical regions interact so as to spontaneously segregate neural pathways associated with acquisition from those associated with extinction, allowing the effects of previous acqu ...
Unit 5, Consciousness
... reason for the phenomenon: namely, that a specific cluster of neurons associated with regulating sleep patterns, called the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, may slowly die off as you get older. ...
... reason for the phenomenon: namely, that a specific cluster of neurons associated with regulating sleep patterns, called the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, may slowly die off as you get older. ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... and this has opened up a rapidly expanding field utilizing additional genetically encoded actuators in a wide range of applications [7]–[9]. Beyond the utilization of such naturally-occurring photoreceptors, protein engineering over the last decade has generated an expanded optogenetic toolbox for m ...
... and this has opened up a rapidly expanding field utilizing additional genetically encoded actuators in a wide range of applications [7]–[9]. Beyond the utilization of such naturally-occurring photoreceptors, protein engineering over the last decade has generated an expanded optogenetic toolbox for m ...
Dopamine: a potential substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory
... of learning and memory will be reviewed with recent advances supporting the hypothesis of similar cellular mechanisms underlying DA regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory processes in which the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway has a potential role. To summariz ...
... of learning and memory will be reviewed with recent advances supporting the hypothesis of similar cellular mechanisms underlying DA regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory processes in which the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway has a potential role. To summariz ...
HB-GAM (pleiotrophin) reverses inhibition of neural
... HB-GAM/pleiotrophin was initially isolated as a heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for central neurons8,9. Its expression peaks during the first 3–4 weeks of postnatal development in rat brain10 corresponding to heightened plasticity of the juvenile brain11. The expression level at t ...
... HB-GAM/pleiotrophin was initially isolated as a heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for central neurons8,9. Its expression peaks during the first 3–4 weeks of postnatal development in rat brain10 corresponding to heightened plasticity of the juvenile brain11. The expression level at t ...
Low Quality
... energy doesn’t add up. Scientists are skeptical that saving energy is the only (or even the main) reason that sleep has evolved, as described in the article “The why of sleep.” Extreme fatigue is the closest humans ever come to sleep while still aware enough to ponder its mysteries. At those times, ...
... energy doesn’t add up. Scientists are skeptical that saving energy is the only (or even the main) reason that sleep has evolved, as described in the article “The why of sleep.” Extreme fatigue is the closest humans ever come to sleep while still aware enough to ponder its mysteries. At those times, ...
(Full text - MSWord file 171K)
... patterns (e.g., Berns & Sejnowski, 1998). The second class focuses on the tonic inhibitory activity that the major basal ganglia output nuclei exert upon their targets, assuming that it provides for action selection via focused disinhibition (e.g., Gurney et al., 2001). In this paper, we focus on th ...
... patterns (e.g., Berns & Sejnowski, 1998). The second class focuses on the tonic inhibitory activity that the major basal ganglia output nuclei exert upon their targets, assuming that it provides for action selection via focused disinhibition (e.g., Gurney et al., 2001). In this paper, we focus on th ...
Retrieval practice does not safeguard memories from interference
... which summarized the video but also contained some misleading information. A final cued-recall test revealed that participants in the retrieval practice condition recalled more misleading details and fewer correct details than participants in the distractor condition; that is, retrieval increased th ...
... which summarized the video but also contained some misleading information. A final cued-recall test revealed that participants in the retrieval practice condition recalled more misleading details and fewer correct details than participants in the distractor condition; that is, retrieval increased th ...
Ciccarelli 2: The Biological Perspective
... Figure 2.3 (continued) The Neural Impulse Action Potential In the graph below, voltage readings are shown at a given place on the neuron over a period of 20 or 30 milliseconds (thousandths of a second). At first the cell is resting; it then reaches threshold and an action potential is triggered. Af ...
... Figure 2.3 (continued) The Neural Impulse Action Potential In the graph below, voltage readings are shown at a given place on the neuron over a period of 20 or 30 milliseconds (thousandths of a second). At first the cell is resting; it then reaches threshold and an action potential is triggered. Af ...
The Nervous System
... 3. controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands a. indirectly helps control hormone secretion by most other endocrine glands 4. contains center for controlling appetite, wakefulness, pleasure, etc ii. structure and function of the thalamus 1. dumbbell-shaped mass of gray mat ...
... 3. controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands a. indirectly helps control hormone secretion by most other endocrine glands 4. contains center for controlling appetite, wakefulness, pleasure, etc ii. structure and function of the thalamus 1. dumbbell-shaped mass of gray mat ...
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the lentiform nucleus from
... Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the lentiform nucleus was performed by using serial macroscopic anatomic sections, taken from a human cadaver. When the rendered form of this wire-frame reconstruction was examined, it was found that both the putamen and globus pallidus had upper and lower p ...
... Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the lentiform nucleus was performed by using serial macroscopic anatomic sections, taken from a human cadaver. When the rendered form of this wire-frame reconstruction was examined, it was found that both the putamen and globus pallidus had upper and lower p ...
Basics of electromagnetic field mapping
... The physics that relate the activity of a given dipole source in the brain to a measurable electric and/or magnetic field on the scalp is well known. It is defined by the geometry and, in the case of EEG, the volume conduction properties of the tissues of the head (brain, liquor, skull, scalp, hair, ...
... The physics that relate the activity of a given dipole source in the brain to a measurable electric and/or magnetic field on the scalp is well known. It is defined by the geometry and, in the case of EEG, the volume conduction properties of the tissues of the head (brain, liquor, skull, scalp, hair, ...
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... neurons per channel, making a total of 192 neurons per population. We denote these populations by the sets ⍀s1 (D1-dominant striatum), ⍀s2 (D2-dominant striatum), ⍀T (STN), ⍀G (GP), and ⍀O (SNr). The notation i 僆 ⍀O thus means a neuron i in the SNr population, and membership is similarly defined for ...
... neurons per channel, making a total of 192 neurons per population. We denote these populations by the sets ⍀s1 (D1-dominant striatum), ⍀s2 (D2-dominant striatum), ⍀T (STN), ⍀G (GP), and ⍀O (SNr). The notation i 僆 ⍀O thus means a neuron i in the SNr population, and membership is similarly defined for ...
Structure-function relationship in hierarchical model of brain networks
... complete synchronization or coherent collective oscillations and the dynamical regimes, such as asynchronous on-going activity with balancing between excitation and inhibition [23, 125] were examined. However, neural networks display several levels of topological organization that are not well-accou ...
... complete synchronization or coherent collective oscillations and the dynamical regimes, such as asynchronous on-going activity with balancing between excitation and inhibition [23, 125] were examined. However, neural networks display several levels of topological organization that are not well-accou ...
Background Paper 3 - Yale School of Medicine
... Efforts to reveal the neurobiological underpinnings of age-related cognitive decline in area 46 of rhesus monkeys have focused on the synapse for several reasons. First, there does not appear to be any significant neuron loss in dlPFC12, although age-related neuron loss has been reported in the fron ...
... Efforts to reveal the neurobiological underpinnings of age-related cognitive decline in area 46 of rhesus monkeys have focused on the synapse for several reasons. First, there does not appear to be any significant neuron loss in dlPFC12, although age-related neuron loss has been reported in the fron ...
Daniel Dennett on the Nature of Consciousness
... Here, the critic would probably object that in this case it is unclear why there would not be a fact of the matter about which interpretation is correct. For according to one version, even at such a small timescale, there would be conscious experience; the conscious events would simply not be rememb ...
... Here, the critic would probably object that in this case it is unclear why there would not be a fact of the matter about which interpretation is correct. For according to one version, even at such a small timescale, there would be conscious experience; the conscious events would simply not be rememb ...
Shamanism in Cross-Cultural Perspective
... The selection for the role of the shaman was generally open to all, but largely found among descendants of shamans who received their powers from the spirit allies of their ancestors. Shamans were most typically men, but, in most cultures, women could also practice shamanism in pre- and post-reprodu ...
... The selection for the role of the shaman was generally open to all, but largely found among descendants of shamans who received their powers from the spirit allies of their ancestors. Shamans were most typically men, but, in most cultures, women could also practice shamanism in pre- and post-reprodu ...
Ch. 13 Nervous System Cells Textbook
... Pathways of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) carry information to the autonomic, or visceral, effectors, which are the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands. As its name implies, the autonomic nervous system seems autonomous of voluntary control—it usually appears to govern itself without our ...
... Pathways of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) carry information to the autonomic, or visceral, effectors, which are the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands. As its name implies, the autonomic nervous system seems autonomous of voluntary control—it usually appears to govern itself without our ...