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Intermediate
Intermediate

... Other Types of Columns Besides ocular dominance and orientation columns, several other types of columns are also present in the visual cortex. The most fundamental of these are what might be called position columns. Neurons in V1 have small receptive fields localized at specific positions in visual ...
Working memory and retrieval: A resource
Working memory and retrieval: A resource

... Another concern about the Wickens et al. (1981) procedure was that items were presented once and then tested. Thus, the possibility exists that the items in the two-item set and in the four-item set were learned to different levels and that retention was worse in the secondary memory condition becau ...
Role of right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in self
Role of right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in self

... Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, 2UCSF Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA 94143-1207, USA, 3Memory Clinic-Neuropsychology Center, Department of Geriatrics and 4Department of Neurology, University ...
View PDF
View PDF

... of fMRI scanners in capturing visual hallucinations in the visual cortex of patients suffering from Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS). It is important to note here that sometimes non-existent objects are reportedly visualized by subjects which are primarily due to residual information present in the vis ...
35-2 The Nervous System
35-2 The Nervous System

... coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. ...
Nervous System PPT
Nervous System PPT

... Grey Matter: route sensory or motor stimulus to interneurons of the CNS in order to create a response to the stimulus through chemical synapse activity. White Matter: It contains nerve fibers. Many of these nerve fibers (axons) are surrounded by a type of fat called myelin. The myelin gives the whit ...
Chapter 5 - Wake Forest University
Chapter 5 - Wake Forest University

... • When an excitatory amino acid is injected through a cannula (a small metal tube) into a region of the brain, the chemical destroys neural cell bodies in the vicinity but spares axons that belong to different neurons that happen to pass nearby. • This selectivity permits the investigator to determi ...
Contributions of cortical feedback to sensory processing in primary
Contributions of cortical feedback to sensory processing in primary

... The era of Mountcastle, Hubel and Wiesel had “profound physiological implications” for the study of cortical processing (see Kandel, 2014). Hubel and Wiesel (1959) characterized the response properties of visual cortical neurons in columns: V1 neurons respond to their selective stimulus (e.g., a lin ...
The Adenosine Story Goes Ionic: CaV2.1
The Adenosine Story Goes Ionic: CaV2.1

... channels.21 Nevertheless, this mouse permitted study of the role of a functionally responsive Ca2+ channel with preserved expression levels, but compromised primarily in G-protein-mediated inhibition.22 The hypothesis to be tested by Deboer et al.7 was clear: if CaV2.1 channels mediate some of adeno ...
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through

... with DA-modulated STDP to illustrate various aspects of reinforcement of precise firing patterns embedded into the sea of noise. Reinforcing a Synapse In Figure 1, we reinforce contingent firing of 2 neurons by delayed reward to illustrate how DA-modulated STDP addresses the credit assignment problem ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System - U
Methods of Studying The Nervous System - U

... – Multiple unit recording provides an indication of the rate of firing of many neurons in the general vicinity of the electrode tip – An electrode larger than a microelectrode picks up the action potentials from many nearby neurons – The signal is integrated so that the height of the curve indicates ...
slides - Computation and Cognition Lab
slides - Computation and Cognition Lab

paper - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit
paper - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit

... the inherently stochastic features of their firing activity and the experimentally observed trial-to-trial variability of neural systems in the brain. In principle there exists a powerful computational framework for stochastic computations, probabilistic inference by sampling, which can explain a la ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single

... cell types and their connectivity: thalamocortical (TC) relay cells, thalamic reticular (RE) neuron, cortical pyramidal cells (PY) and interneurons (IN). TC cells receive prethalamic (Pre) afferent connections, which may be sensory afferents in the case of specific thalamic nuclei involved in vision ...
The Number of Cortical Neurons Used to See
The Number of Cortical Neurons Used to See

... explained to each participant: 1) choose which of four squares has the greatest visual noise (variability of the gray checks), or 2) identify the letter present in the noise. They were not told the purpose of the experiment. Description of Stimuli: Method 1In the first method, the stimuli were 16 sl ...
Paying attention to consciousness - What is Neuro
Paying attention to consciousness - What is Neuro

... top-down modulation of attention (the ‘sources’ of attention) and those sensory-association areas whose activity is modulated by attention (the ‘site’ of attention)”. The ...
MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATE SYNAPTOGENESIS
MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATE SYNAPTOGENESIS

... from the ventral horn of the spinal cord delay synapse formation until they innervate muscle fibers some distance away (Burden 2002, Sanes & Lichtman 2001). In these examples not only is synapse formation delayed until axons reach specific target regions, but even within these target regions there are ...
Huffman PowerPoint Slides
Huffman PowerPoint Slides

... – Twin studies: compare the concordance (agreement) rates between identical and fraternal twins – Adoption studies: compare the similarity between adopted children and their biological/adopted parents – Mutations: examine behaviors in genetically abnormal subjects or in animals in which a specific g ...
Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of
Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of

... relatively thick and varicose. Dendrites in MCNs are structurally dynamic, undergoing activity-dependent remodelling, including shrinkage/elongation, altered branching patterns and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rathe ...
Review. Multiple signaling modalities mediated by dendritic
Review. Multiple signaling modalities mediated by dendritic

... relatively thick and varicose. Dendrites in MCNs are structurally dynamic, undergoing activity-dependent remodelling, including shrinkage/elongation, altered branching patterns and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rathe ...
marin_C02 - Napa Valley College
marin_C02 - Napa Valley College

... Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved ...
Chib et al., 2009 - Rangel Neuroeconomics Laboratory
Chib et al., 2009 - Rangel Neuroeconomics Laboratory

... drinking any liquids, besides water, for 4 h before the experiment. Subjects were also instructed that they would have to remain in the laboratory for 30 min following the experiment, during which time the only thing they would be able to eat was the food purchased in the experiment. This mildly foo ...
Mirror lecture - The School of Life Sciences at Sussex
Mirror lecture - The School of Life Sciences at Sussex

... when the monkey performs a hand action (not shown). This neuron also responded to the vision and sound of a tearing action (paper ripping; V+S). Simply hearing the sound of the same action (performed out of the monkey’s sight) was equally effective (S). Sounds that were non–action-related (white noi ...
Quasi-isometric Representation of Three Dimensional
Quasi-isometric Representation of Three Dimensional

... Correspondence with the LSM theory • The neural network may be treated as a liquid • The readout function receives only the current state of the liquid and transforms it to an output signal • The system can perform several tasks simultaneously ...
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor

... eliminating Kalirin expression in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, we first wanted to determine which isoforms were expressed in these cells during early postnatal development. Western blot analysis of hippocampal extracts with polyclonal antisera specific for Kal-7 and Kal-12 (Fig. 1 A–C) revealed is ...
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Holonomic brain theory

The holonomic brain theory, developed by neuroscientist Karl Pribram initially in collaboration with physicist David Bohm, is a model of human cognition that describes the brain as a holographic storage network. Pribram suggests these processes involve electric oscillations in the brain's fine-fibered dendritic webs, which are different from the more commonly known action potentials involving axons and synapses. These oscillations are waves and create wave interference patterns in which memory is encoded naturally, and the waves may be analyzed by a Fourier transform. Gabor, Pribram and others noted the similarities between these brain processes and the storage of information in a hologram, which can also be analyzed with a Fourier transform. In a hologram, any part of the hologram with sufficient size contains the whole of the stored information. In this theory, a piece of a long-term memory is similarly distributed over a dendritic arbor so that each part of the dendritic network contains all the information stored over the entire network. This model allows for important aspects of human consciousness, including the fast associative memory that allows for connections between different pieces of stored information and the non-locality of memory storage (a specific memory is not stored in a specific location, i.e. a certain neuron).
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