Neuronal and microglial cathepsins in aging and age
... and Green, 1987; Nakamura et al., 1989). We have previously reported that subcellular fractionation showed that the amounts of cathepsins D and E in the soluble fraction of the aged rat brain were markedly increased as compared with those of the young rat brain, suggesting that these enzymes leaked ...
... and Green, 1987; Nakamura et al., 1989). We have previously reported that subcellular fractionation showed that the amounts of cathepsins D and E in the soluble fraction of the aged rat brain were markedly increased as compared with those of the young rat brain, suggesting that these enzymes leaked ...
Caudo‐rostral brain spreading of α‐synuclein through vagal
... Bregma levels were visualized at lower (A) and higher (B) magnification. The nucleus ambiguus (arrow) is visible in the section at Bregma 12.00 mm. Higher-magnification images show neuronal bodies and neurites in the DMnX and nucleus ambiguus. Scale bar, 50 mm. C‐E. A representative section of the ...
... Bregma levels were visualized at lower (A) and higher (B) magnification. The nucleus ambiguus (arrow) is visible in the section at Bregma 12.00 mm. Higher-magnification images show neuronal bodies and neurites in the DMnX and nucleus ambiguus. Scale bar, 50 mm. C‐E. A representative section of the ...
The limbic system
... involving the orbitofrontal, insular and anterior temporal lobe cortex, the amygdala and the dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus.[3] In 1952, Paul D. MacLean coined the term “limbic system” to describe Broca's limbic lobe and related subcortical nuclei as the collective neural substrate for emotion.[1] ...
... involving the orbitofrontal, insular and anterior temporal lobe cortex, the amygdala and the dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus.[3] In 1952, Paul D. MacLean coined the term “limbic system” to describe Broca's limbic lobe and related subcortical nuclei as the collective neural substrate for emotion.[1] ...
reciprocal inhibition in the motor nervous system of the nematode
... neurons. The DE21 neuron synapses onto the next three posterior VI neurons. A weak response of the VI:,, neuron was revealed by signal averaging techniques in two of five experiments. No interaction with the VI& was observed. The diagram on the left shows the array of commissures in the first three ...
... neurons. The DE21 neuron synapses onto the next three posterior VI neurons. A weak response of the VI:,, neuron was revealed by signal averaging techniques in two of five experiments. No interaction with the VI& was observed. The diagram on the left shows the array of commissures in the first three ...
Fut u re N
... synaptic strengthening and the complications of this strengthening. In this framework, pathogenesis arises from an initial breakdown in the ability of the brain to perform novel encoding in the absence of retrieval of existing memories – an imbalance in the separation of encoding dynamics from retri ...
... synaptic strengthening and the complications of this strengthening. In this framework, pathogenesis arises from an initial breakdown in the ability of the brain to perform novel encoding in the absence of retrieval of existing memories – an imbalance in the separation of encoding dynamics from retri ...
Implications of Polychronous Neuronal Groups for the Nature of Mental Representations
... will remain silent. Thus, the effects of spikes from neurons a, b, and c on the firing of neurons x and y is critically dependent on the timing of the spikes. In larger, more connected, networks, like those found in mammalian brains, a particular stimulus will cause a chain reaction of spikes over t ...
... will remain silent. Thus, the effects of spikes from neurons a, b, and c on the firing of neurons x and y is critically dependent on the timing of the spikes. In larger, more connected, networks, like those found in mammalian brains, a particular stimulus will cause a chain reaction of spikes over t ...
Eye-movement reinstatement and neural reactivation during mental
... imagery is an active, constructive process9,10 that is subject to the very kinds of capacity ...
... imagery is an active, constructive process9,10 that is subject to the very kinds of capacity ...
How microglia kill neurons
... 2010; McCoy and Tansey, 2008). However, it is unclear that pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause direct neurotoxicity, rather than causing indirect neurotoxicity via activating microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embry ...
... 2010; McCoy and Tansey, 2008). However, it is unclear that pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause direct neurotoxicity, rather than causing indirect neurotoxicity via activating microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embry ...
The Central Nervous System
... • Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels • Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization ...
... • Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels • Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization ...
Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users?
... (Ricaurte and McCann, 1992). However, the actual structural extent of long-term MA toxicity to brain dopamine neurons in primates remains uncertain and even controversial because of the impossibility of establishing whether the persistent [but substantially reversible in the non-human primate (Harve ...
... (Ricaurte and McCann, 1992). However, the actual structural extent of long-term MA toxicity to brain dopamine neurons in primates remains uncertain and even controversial because of the impossibility of establishing whether the persistent [but substantially reversible in the non-human primate (Harve ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... of class I dendritic arborization neurons33. One of these transcription factors, the BTB–zinc finger protein Abrupt, is expressed only in Class I dendritic arborization neurons. When Abrupt is ectopically expressed in class II, III or IV dendritic arborization neurons, it reduces their dendrite size ...
... of class I dendritic arborization neurons33. One of these transcription factors, the BTB–zinc finger protein Abrupt, is expressed only in Class I dendritic arborization neurons. When Abrupt is ectopically expressed in class II, III or IV dendritic arborization neurons, it reduces their dendrite size ...
Probabilistic Anatomic Mapping of Cerebral Blood Flow Distribution
... usually originate from the M1 portion (16). These perforating branches supply the superior part of the caudate nucleus, the lateral segment of the globus pallidus, the putamen, the dorsal half of the internal capsule, and the lateral half of the anterior commissure (17). The cortical blood from the ...
... usually originate from the M1 portion (16). These perforating branches supply the superior part of the caudate nucleus, the lateral segment of the globus pallidus, the putamen, the dorsal half of the internal capsule, and the lateral half of the anterior commissure (17). The cortical blood from the ...
Memory Consolidation and the Hippocampal Complex
... The hippocampal complex, is widely accepted as the structure supporting the acquisition of declarative memories. Another less unanimously shared position is that the same structures, which are necessary for the acquisition of declarative memories, are involved in the maintenance of them in the perio ...
... The hippocampal complex, is widely accepted as the structure supporting the acquisition of declarative memories. Another less unanimously shared position is that the same structures, which are necessary for the acquisition of declarative memories, are involved in the maintenance of them in the perio ...
Viewpoint - Columbia University
... data in Figures 1E and 1F were collected over a number of months, indicating that this mechanism is not only robust but stable. Finally, the common neuronal crossing time tc is different for each monkey, but nevertheless in both monkeys tc is close to the attentional switching time, despite signific ...
... data in Figures 1E and 1F were collected over a number of months, indicating that this mechanism is not only robust but stable. Finally, the common neuronal crossing time tc is different for each monkey, but nevertheless in both monkeys tc is close to the attentional switching time, despite signific ...
A generative theory of similarity
... Every object is the outcome of a generative process. An animal grows from a fertilized egg into an adult, a city develops from a settlement into a metropolis, and an artifact is assembled from a pile of raw materials according to the plan of its designer. Observations like these motivate the generat ...
... Every object is the outcome of a generative process. An animal grows from a fertilized egg into an adult, a city develops from a settlement into a metropolis, and an artifact is assembled from a pile of raw materials according to the plan of its designer. Observations like these motivate the generat ...
Stop Using Introspection to Gather Data for the Design of... Modeling and Spatial Assistance
... the validation of the premises. These areas play a crucial role in spatial processing and working memory and in the integration of sensory information from all modalities into egocentric spatial representations. This account also resolves inconsistencies in previous neuroimaging studies on reasoning ...
... the validation of the premises. These areas play a crucial role in spatial processing and working memory and in the integration of sensory information from all modalities into egocentric spatial representations. This account also resolves inconsistencies in previous neuroimaging studies on reasoning ...
Confabulation: Damage to a specific inferior medial prefrontal system
... tapping sustained attention, set shifting and mental tracking, but not concept formation, problem-solving or verbal fluency. And Nys et al. (2004) reported that disappearance of spontaneous confabulation in a confabulating patient was associated with improvement in mental flexibility, but not in oth ...
... tapping sustained attention, set shifting and mental tracking, but not concept formation, problem-solving or verbal fluency. And Nys et al. (2004) reported that disappearance of spontaneous confabulation in a confabulating patient was associated with improvement in mental flexibility, but not in oth ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... originates also from LC and dorsal raphe (7 ,9). According to literature data on DOP AC significance in brain areas predominantly innervated by noradrenergic neurons, DOPAC levels in the MVN and LC were interpreted as a ret1ection of NE synthesis (17,18). On the other hand, the ratio 5HIAA/ 5HT was ...
... originates also from LC and dorsal raphe (7 ,9). According to literature data on DOP AC significance in brain areas predominantly innervated by noradrenergic neurons, DOPAC levels in the MVN and LC were interpreted as a ret1ection of NE synthesis (17,18). On the other hand, the ratio 5HIAA/ 5HT was ...
Representation in the Human Brain of Food Texture and Oral Fat
... conditions of 50 cP. This oil was chosen because it was the most odorless and tasteless of those that could be obtained. The taste stimulus was 1 M sucrose (Sigma, Poole, UK) (which has a viscosity of ⬃2 cP). The tasteless solution was used as a control stimulus for the effects of the somatosensory ...
... conditions of 50 cP. This oil was chosen because it was the most odorless and tasteless of those that could be obtained. The taste stimulus was 1 M sucrose (Sigma, Poole, UK) (which has a viscosity of ⬃2 cP). The tasteless solution was used as a control stimulus for the effects of the somatosensory ...
FREE Sample Here
... 4. Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell? a) axon b) soma Correct. The soma is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. c) dendrite d) cell membrane Incorrect. The soma is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. ANS: b, p. 38, F, LO=2.1, (2) ...
... 4. Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell? a) axon b) soma Correct. The soma is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. c) dendrite d) cell membrane Incorrect. The soma is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. ANS: b, p. 38, F, LO=2.1, (2) ...
Representing Spatial Information for Limb - Research
... movement. Preferred directions (PDs) tend to be distributed uniformly throughout space, and the population vector predicts well the hand trajectory (Georgopoulos et al., 1988). A vector code of movement direction implies that neural activity should be the same for the same movement performed along p ...
... movement. Preferred directions (PDs) tend to be distributed uniformly throughout space, and the population vector predicts well the hand trajectory (Georgopoulos et al., 1988). A vector code of movement direction implies that neural activity should be the same for the same movement performed along p ...
University of Groningen The hearing brain in males and
... neurons, which transmit information from one brain region to another by electrochemical impulses. Local neuronal electrical activity is a measure of local brain activity. The most direct, but also invasive, way of studying brain activity in the living brain is direct single cell recording, i.e. an e ...
... neurons, which transmit information from one brain region to another by electrochemical impulses. Local neuronal electrical activity is a measure of local brain activity. The most direct, but also invasive, way of studying brain activity in the living brain is direct single cell recording, i.e. an e ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... Measurements showed that each cholinergic axon in the mouse brain is roughly 30 centimeters long, even though the brain itself is less than 2 centimeters from front to back. Based on measurements by other researchers, Wu et al. calculated that the axons of single cholinergic neurons in the human bra ...
... Measurements showed that each cholinergic axon in the mouse brain is roughly 30 centimeters long, even though the brain itself is less than 2 centimeters from front to back. Based on measurements by other researchers, Wu et al. calculated that the axons of single cholinergic neurons in the human bra ...
Probabilistic models for spike trains of single neurons
... • Answer 3: Neurons integrate excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) to generate action potentials or spikes which they communicate across their synapses to other neurons. It is thought that the average rate of arrivals of these spikes transmits all information relevant to neural processing in ...
... • Answer 3: Neurons integrate excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) to generate action potentials or spikes which they communicate across their synapses to other neurons. It is thought that the average rate of arrivals of these spikes transmits all information relevant to neural processing in ...