POINT/COUNTERPOINT Intensity-modulated conformal radiation
... than conventional photon beam radiotheraphy but often inferior to photon intensity-modulated radiation therapy !IMRT". Because the cost of proton facilities is much greater than for photon IMRT, the cost effectiveness of photon IMRT is currently much superior. Utilization of the Bragg peak of proton ...
... than conventional photon beam radiotheraphy but often inferior to photon intensity-modulated radiation therapy !IMRT". Because the cost of proton facilities is much greater than for photon IMRT, the cost effectiveness of photon IMRT is currently much superior. Utilization of the Bragg peak of proton ...
notes on elementary statistical mechanics
... where Uint is the interaction energy between the components (particles, molecules, atoms etc...) of system 1 and those of 2. If interactions are short ranged, so that they become negligible for interparticle distances larger than some threshold λ, then Uint will be roughly proportional to the number ...
... where Uint is the interaction energy between the components (particles, molecules, atoms etc...) of system 1 and those of 2. If interactions are short ranged, so that they become negligible for interparticle distances larger than some threshold λ, then Uint will be roughly proportional to the number ...
Spin and charge density waves around ruthenium impurity in -iron
... same statement actually applies to the systems investigated previously, i.e., to the α -iron doped with Pd [4], Os [14] and Nb [5]. The accuracy of the data warrants detection of the particular line shift caused by the electric quadrupole interaction provided the latter shift is of the order of 0.1 ...
... same statement actually applies to the systems investigated previously, i.e., to the α -iron doped with Pd [4], Os [14] and Nb [5]. The accuracy of the data warrants detection of the particular line shift caused by the electric quadrupole interaction provided the latter shift is of the order of 0.1 ...
The Schwarzschild Proton - Hawaii Institute for Unified Physics
... mass-energy in order for the proton to meet the Schwarzschild condition. This proportion is equivalent to that between gravitation and the strong force where gravitation is thought to be ~10-38 to 10-40 weaker than the strong force. Gravitational attraction between two contiguous Schwarzschild proto ...
... mass-energy in order for the proton to meet the Schwarzschild condition. This proportion is equivalent to that between gravitation and the strong force where gravitation is thought to be ~10-38 to 10-40 weaker than the strong force. Gravitational attraction between two contiguous Schwarzschild proto ...
2 1 Electric Charge and Force
... objects that are touching. Other forces, such as gravity, are field forces—that is, they can affect objects without touching them. Electric forces are field forces. Charged objects do not have to be touching in order to produce electric forces on one another. Every charged object produces an electri ...
... objects that are touching. Other forces, such as gravity, are field forces—that is, they can affect objects without touching them. Electric forces are field forces. Charged objects do not have to be touching in order to produce electric forces on one another. Every charged object produces an electri ...
Phys. Rev. B.76.193101(2007) - Purdue Physics
... topological orders. Topological ordered systems have also been designed and studied in the context of quantum computation as a realization of potentially fault-tolerant quantum memory and quantum computation.6,7,11 It is the nonlocality of the topological orders that significantly reduces the effect ...
... topological orders. Topological ordered systems have also been designed and studied in the context of quantum computation as a realization of potentially fault-tolerant quantum memory and quantum computation.6,7,11 It is the nonlocality of the topological orders that significantly reduces the effect ...
Efficiently Extracting Energy from Cosmological
... More recently, there has been interest in the possibility of detecting cosmological neutrinos in beta-decay experiments such as KATRIN and MARE [19, 20]. In these cases the observational signature is a distortion in the energy spectra of the electrons emitted by unstable nuclei that arises because ...
... More recently, there has been interest in the possibility of detecting cosmological neutrinos in beta-decay experiments such as KATRIN and MARE [19, 20]. In these cases the observational signature is a distortion in the energy spectra of the electrons emitted by unstable nuclei that arises because ...
Notes on circular motion - University of Miami Physics Department
... objects moving on a circular trajectory. Along the way we will learn about ferris wheels, cars turning without going off the road, etc. But first, we need to improve our math understanding by reviewing the product between vectors. --------------------------------------------------------------------- ...
... objects moving on a circular trajectory. Along the way we will learn about ferris wheels, cars turning without going off the road, etc. But first, we need to improve our math understanding by reviewing the product between vectors. --------------------------------------------------------------------- ...
The preparation of environment friendly gelatin-gum arabic
... The morphology of the microcapsule was observed by BX51 transmission optical microscope (Olympus Corporation, Japan). Contrast ratio of EDP prototype used the prepared microcapsules were measured by Eye-one pro colorimeter (X-Rite, USA). The procedure of coating the microcapsules onto the ITO film w ...
... The morphology of the microcapsule was observed by BX51 transmission optical microscope (Olympus Corporation, Japan). Contrast ratio of EDP prototype used the prepared microcapsules were measured by Eye-one pro colorimeter (X-Rite, USA). The procedure of coating the microcapsules onto the ITO film w ...
Monday, Nov. 11, 2002
... What is the unit and dimension of angular momentum? kg m2 / s 2 p Note that L depends on origin O. Why? Because r changes x What else do you learn? The direction of L is +z Since p is mv, the magnitude of L becomes L mvr sin What do you learn from this? The point O has to be inertial. Monday, ...
... What is the unit and dimension of angular momentum? kg m2 / s 2 p Note that L depends on origin O. Why? Because r changes x What else do you learn? The direction of L is +z Since p is mv, the magnitude of L becomes L mvr sin What do you learn from this? The point O has to be inertial. Monday, ...
Physics Week 1(Sem. 2)
... of e, the charge e is elementary and indivisible. The separation of charges, when two materials are brought into contact they can transfer charges. For example, if a piece of plastic and a piece of fur were rubbed together some of the electrons will transfer from one object to the other. This ...
... of e, the charge e is elementary and indivisible. The separation of charges, when two materials are brought into contact they can transfer charges. For example, if a piece of plastic and a piece of fur were rubbed together some of the electrons will transfer from one object to the other. This ...
PDF
... of metal nanowires can be optimized for particular wavelengths of interest, and non-regular cross sections and coupling between closely spaced nanowires allow a further tuning of the optical response [7, 8]. Indeed, the propagation of electromagnetic energy has been demonstrated along noble metal st ...
... of metal nanowires can be optimized for particular wavelengths of interest, and non-regular cross sections and coupling between closely spaced nanowires allow a further tuning of the optical response [7, 8]. Indeed, the propagation of electromagnetic energy has been demonstrated along noble metal st ...
Investigation of magnetite formation from the systems Fe(III)/Fe(II
... precipitates, argon or other inert gas must be employed to eliminate the oxygen in the reaction ...
... precipitates, argon or other inert gas must be employed to eliminate the oxygen in the reaction ...
Fuzzy topology, Quantization and Gauge Fields
... We supposed that in our model the interactions are local, yet such theory is generically nonlocal, two particles with fuzzy coordinates ~ x12 can interact nonlocally; Fermions with fuzzy coordinates can nonlocally interact with bosonic field. ...
... We supposed that in our model the interactions are local, yet such theory is generically nonlocal, two particles with fuzzy coordinates ~ x12 can interact nonlocally; Fermions with fuzzy coordinates can nonlocally interact with bosonic field. ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Environment Cecilia Noguez*
... and Csca are the absorption and scattering cross sections of a single particle. In this work, we consider NPs, which are large enough to employ classical EM theory. However, they are still enough small to observe the dependence of the optical properties with their size and shape. This means that the ...
... and Csca are the absorption and scattering cross sections of a single particle. In this work, we consider NPs, which are large enough to employ classical EM theory. However, they are still enough small to observe the dependence of the optical properties with their size and shape. This means that the ...
Search for the Cabibbo-Supressed D Meson Decays → π
... In 1964, in an attempt to bring order to this zoo of elementary particles, GellMan and Zweig independently proposed the quark model. According to this model, hadrons themselves are not elementary particles, but made up from smaller constituents called quarks. The original quark model contained only ...
... In 1964, in an attempt to bring order to this zoo of elementary particles, GellMan and Zweig independently proposed the quark model. According to this model, hadrons themselves are not elementary particles, but made up from smaller constituents called quarks. The original quark model contained only ...
The Fractional Schr¨odinger-Klein-Gordon Equation and Intermediate Relativism
... of the square energy. Examples of this have been provided in the preceding sections, the Dirac equation being the most famous example of a solution to this problem with regard for its ‘naturalness’ in terms of introducing the concept of particle spin and thereby address the 1922 Stern-Gerlach experi ...
... of the square energy. Examples of this have been provided in the preceding sections, the Dirac equation being the most famous example of a solution to this problem with regard for its ‘naturalness’ in terms of introducing the concept of particle spin and thereby address the 1922 Stern-Gerlach experi ...
Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are ""matter particles"" and ""antimatter particles"", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and Higgs boson), which generally are ""force particles"" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning ""indivisible"" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified. As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which, not orbiting an atomic nucleus, lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the extremely popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a ""shadow"" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.