NOAA explanations of abbreviations etc
... SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) - SOI is based on the (atmospheric) pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia. It is highly correlated with tropical sea surface temperature anomaly indices recorded in Niño3. ...
... SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) - SOI is based on the (atmospheric) pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia. It is highly correlated with tropical sea surface temperature anomaly indices recorded in Niño3. ...
Volcanoes
... Melting and plate tectonics The first two items in the list above show that melting, and consequently volcanic activity, is concentrated along constructive and destructive plate boundaries. Only transform plate boundaries are not associated with active volcanoes. Melting at mid-ocean ridges occurs b ...
... Melting and plate tectonics The first two items in the list above show that melting, and consequently volcanic activity, is concentrated along constructive and destructive plate boundaries. Only transform plate boundaries are not associated with active volcanoes. Melting at mid-ocean ridges occurs b ...
Ocean Research Methods and Technology ppt NOTES
... a research vessel by a tether/cable • Use: AUVs are best for surveys that can be programmed ahead of time and accomplished without supervision; they are used to measure ocean water characteristics such as temperature and salinity, map the seabed, inspect subsea installations (i.e., pipelines), and t ...
... a research vessel by a tether/cable • Use: AUVs are best for surveys that can be programmed ahead of time and accomplished without supervision; they are used to measure ocean water characteristics such as temperature and salinity, map the seabed, inspect subsea installations (i.e., pipelines), and t ...
LITHOSPHERIC BUOYANCY - Lunar and Planetary Institute
... thermal boundary layer, we assume that basaltic crust transforms through granulite to eclogite with increasing pressure. The pressure-temperature boundaries of the granulite field are taken from [12]. Density increases linearly with increasing pressure in the granulite field from 3.0 gm/cm3 for basa ...
... thermal boundary layer, we assume that basaltic crust transforms through granulite to eclogite with increasing pressure. The pressure-temperature boundaries of the granulite field are taken from [12]. Density increases linearly with increasing pressure in the granulite field from 3.0 gm/cm3 for basa ...
GP-posters - North Pacific Marine Science Organization
... The optical properties of the water in the Russian Far Eastern Seas are influenced by many factors. From the optical point of view such water types are called case 2 water. A number of statistical and analytical methods are used in the satellite remote sensing for the description of the optical prop ...
... The optical properties of the water in the Russian Far Eastern Seas are influenced by many factors. From the optical point of view such water types are called case 2 water. A number of statistical and analytical methods are used in the satellite remote sensing for the description of the optical prop ...
Earth`s Layers Sunshine State STANDARDS SC.B.1.3.1: The
... floor is young—only 160 to 180 million years old. Continental crust is much older—up to 4 billion years old. These data confirmed that the ocean floor is constantly forming and moving away from the mid-ocean ridges like a conveyor belt. As the sea floor moves, so do the tectonic plates and their con ...
... floor is young—only 160 to 180 million years old. Continental crust is much older—up to 4 billion years old. These data confirmed that the ocean floor is constantly forming and moving away from the mid-ocean ridges like a conveyor belt. As the sea floor moves, so do the tectonic plates and their con ...
Magma Supply Vs Magma Plumbing
... This mantle is pushed up against the subducting slab on the left hand side generating a high pressure region. The mantle is dragged down with the slab on the right hand side generating a low pressure. This pressure differential tends to lift the slab. ...
... This mantle is pushed up against the subducting slab on the left hand side generating a high pressure region. The mantle is dragged down with the slab on the right hand side generating a low pressure. This pressure differential tends to lift the slab. ...
Sedimentary cover of the Ankara Mélange: role of the Upper
... rocks, micropalaeontology and provenance studies to re-assess the tectonic –sedimentary evolution of representative parts of several different central Anatolian basis; i.e. the Kırıkkale, Sungurlu, Bayat, Haymana and Tuz Gölü basins, all of which record key events in the closure history of the İzmir ...
... rocks, micropalaeontology and provenance studies to re-assess the tectonic –sedimentary evolution of representative parts of several different central Anatolian basis; i.e. the Kırıkkale, Sungurlu, Bayat, Haymana and Tuz Gölü basins, all of which record key events in the closure history of the İzmir ...
Plate Tectonics Earth, 9th edition – Chapter 2 Key
... – Associated with Earth's strong, rigid outer layer • Known as the lithosphere • Consists of uppermost mantle and overlying crust • Overlies a weaker region in the mantle called the asthenosphere Plate tectonics: The new paradigm • Earth’s major plates – Seven major lithospheric plates – Plates are ...
... – Associated with Earth's strong, rigid outer layer • Known as the lithosphere • Consists of uppermost mantle and overlying crust • Overlies a weaker region in the mantle called the asthenosphere Plate tectonics: The new paradigm • Earth’s major plates – Seven major lithospheric plates – Plates are ...
Plate Tectonics ppt
... Relative motion along fault is result of seafloor spreading from adjacent ...
... Relative motion along fault is result of seafloor spreading from adjacent ...
Plate Tectonics
... Sea Floor Spreading • Sea floor was observed to occurring off the coast of South America in the Pacific Ocean in the 1960’s. • This observation helped to cement the concept proposed by Hess and the role of geothermal energy currents in this process. ...
... Sea Floor Spreading • Sea floor was observed to occurring off the coast of South America in the Pacific Ocean in the 1960’s. • This observation helped to cement the concept proposed by Hess and the role of geothermal energy currents in this process. ...
WS7: Theory of Plate Tectonics
... all plates are made of a combination of both types of lithosphere. Plates are constantly moving over Earth’s surface. Movement of the plates is termed plate tectonics. Plates move at a rate of a few centimeters a year. The reason they move is seafloor spreading, which occurs because of convection cu ...
... all plates are made of a combination of both types of lithosphere. Plates are constantly moving over Earth’s surface. Movement of the plates is termed plate tectonics. Plates move at a rate of a few centimeters a year. The reason they move is seafloor spreading, which occurs because of convection cu ...
View PDF - Goldschmidt Conference Archive
... exchanging the mass and energy between the mantle and the crust, and igneous rocks above subduction zones are an important carrier to investigate the recycling of crustal materials and the crust-mantle interaction. This study presents a synthesis of geochronological and geochemical data for postcoll ...
... exchanging the mass and energy between the mantle and the crust, and igneous rocks above subduction zones are an important carrier to investigate the recycling of crustal materials and the crust-mantle interaction. This study presents a synthesis of geochronological and geochemical data for postcoll ...
The Ocean
... to the abyssal plain. This gently sloping area is known as the continental rise (= úpatí, necessary to distinguish from oceanic rise = oceánský práh či hřbet ). Erosional valleys and canyons cut across the margin. Some of them are deeper and wider than the Grand Canyon in Arizona. They were probably ...
... to the abyssal plain. This gently sloping area is known as the continental rise (= úpatí, necessary to distinguish from oceanic rise = oceánský práh či hřbet ). Erosional valleys and canyons cut across the margin. Some of them are deeper and wider than the Grand Canyon in Arizona. They were probably ...
Supercycles in subduction zones
... subduction zone segment, whereas the final When tectonic plates collide, they produce "superquake" affects the entire segment. earthquakes like the recent one in Nepal. Researchers at ETH Zurich are providing new Several different theories have been advanced to ways to explain how and why earthquake ...
... subduction zone segment, whereas the final When tectonic plates collide, they produce "superquake" affects the entire segment. earthquakes like the recent one in Nepal. Researchers at ETH Zurich are providing new Several different theories have been advanced to ways to explain how and why earthquake ...
Data Package 5 - Tsunamis June 2013
... wind-forced sea-surface waves in that they have much longer wavelengths. Much like earthquakes, tsunamis are primarily created by sudden vertical movements along a fault in the Earth’s crust. Fault movement in the sea floor displaces a large volume of water above mean sea level (Figure 1). The energ ...
... wind-forced sea-surface waves in that they have much longer wavelengths. Much like earthquakes, tsunamis are primarily created by sudden vertical movements along a fault in the Earth’s crust. Fault movement in the sea floor displaces a large volume of water above mean sea level (Figure 1). The energ ...
Japan in a subduction zone
... Although shallow-focus earthquakes happen at many places on the Earth, earthquakes whose focuses are at more than 70 km deep only occur in subduction zones. Focuses in the subducting plate are distributed with increasing depth at a constant angle from a trench toward an island arc as shown Figure 6. ...
... Although shallow-focus earthquakes happen at many places on the Earth, earthquakes whose focuses are at more than 70 km deep only occur in subduction zones. Focuses in the subducting plate are distributed with increasing depth at a constant angle from a trench toward an island arc as shown Figure 6. ...
Tectonic processes
... down. This has led to the formation of a crust, a thin solid layer of rock that forms the surface of our planet (see Figure 2.1). Below the crust is the mantle, which is made of semi-solid rock and has properties of both a liquid and a solid, and can therefore break and flow. At the very centre of t ...
... down. This has led to the formation of a crust, a thin solid layer of rock that forms the surface of our planet (see Figure 2.1). Below the crust is the mantle, which is made of semi-solid rock and has properties of both a liquid and a solid, and can therefore break and flow. At the very centre of t ...
Nutrient Cycles
... are essential for the growth of primary producers. Since consumers depend on these primary producers for food, either directly on indirectly in food chains, the productivity of the primary producers will influence the productivity of higher trophic levels. In water where the nutrient levels are high ...
... are essential for the growth of primary producers. Since consumers depend on these primary producers for food, either directly on indirectly in food chains, the productivity of the primary producers will influence the productivity of higher trophic levels. In water where the nutrient levels are high ...
Lecture 7.3 - Heat production.key
... On the modern Earth, gravitational stresses due to continental buoyancy recurrent detachment of the slab continues until recycling of the oceanic can contribute to the initiation of subduction2,13. The role of continental lid is completed, followed by stabilization (Extended Data Fig. 3d). When ...
... On the modern Earth, gravitational stresses due to continental buoyancy recurrent detachment of the slab continues until recycling of the oceanic can contribute to the initiation of subduction2,13. The role of continental lid is completed, followed by stabilization (Extended Data Fig. 3d). When ...
Document
... Which force(s) create earthquakes and volcanoes? A. Gravity B. Electromagnetism C. Nuclear forces ...
... Which force(s) create earthquakes and volcanoes? A. Gravity B. Electromagnetism C. Nuclear forces ...
Ms Martinez Plate Tectonic Note taking sheet
... The Cascades are a volcanic mountain range that extends from Northern California to Oregon and Washington and even into Southern British Columbia. These are volcanic mountains that are formed by subduction. The subduction zone is caused by two convergent plate boundaries. One convergent boundary exi ...
... The Cascades are a volcanic mountain range that extends from Northern California to Oregon and Washington and even into Southern British Columbia. These are volcanic mountains that are formed by subduction. The subduction zone is caused by two convergent plate boundaries. One convergent boundary exi ...
Currents
... • moves much more slowly than surface currents -- a few centimeters per second, compared to tens or hundreds of centimeters per second ...
... • moves much more slowly than surface currents -- a few centimeters per second, compared to tens or hundreds of centimeters per second ...
ES_Chapter 9_PPT
... plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and “pulls” the trailing lithosphere along. It is thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle. • Ridge-push causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge under the pull of grav ...
... plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and “pulls” the trailing lithosphere along. It is thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle. • Ridge-push causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge under the pull of grav ...
Chapter 7—Plate Tectonics Underlies All Earth
... seismogram (170): The record made by a seismograph that would record an earthquake or explosion. seismograph (170): An instrument used to record all three types of waves generated by the Earth. shadow zone (172): Area in which seismic waves from earthquakes do not appear. The outer core is a barrier ...
... seismogram (170): The record made by a seismograph that would record an earthquake or explosion. seismograph (170): An instrument used to record all three types of waves generated by the Earth. shadow zone (172): Area in which seismic waves from earthquakes do not appear. The outer core is a barrier ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.