History of Earth Part 2 SG AK
... • East Africa may be the site of the Earth's next major ocean. Plate interactions in the region provide scientists an opportunity to study first hand how the Atlantic may have begun to form about 200 million years ago. Geologists believe that, if spreading continues, the three plates that meet at t ...
... • East Africa may be the site of the Earth's next major ocean. Plate interactions in the region provide scientists an opportunity to study first hand how the Atlantic may have begun to form about 200 million years ago. Geologists believe that, if spreading continues, the three plates that meet at t ...
FixO3 - Deliverable D5.2.1: Deep Sea Mining
... The concept of Deep Sea Mining (DSM) originally came to light in the 1960s and with advances in technology and average land-based mineral deposit grades decreasing, DSM is now becoming an increasingly attractive source of minerals. Shallow underwater deposits (<600m), such as diamonds, iron sands an ...
... The concept of Deep Sea Mining (DSM) originally came to light in the 1960s and with advances in technology and average land-based mineral deposit grades decreasing, DSM is now becoming an increasingly attractive source of minerals. Shallow underwater deposits (<600m), such as diamonds, iron sands an ...
Plate boundaries
... – When two oceanic slabs converge, one descends beneath the other – Often forms volcanoes on the ocean floor – If the volcanoes emerge as islands, a volcanic island arc is formed (Japan, Aleutian islands, Tonga islands) ...
... – When two oceanic slabs converge, one descends beneath the other – Often forms volcanoes on the ocean floor – If the volcanoes emerge as islands, a volcanic island arc is formed (Japan, Aleutian islands, Tonga islands) ...
Partial melting - simple process, huge global
... • Each stage of partial melting produces rocks enriched in oxygen/silicon (and depleted in iron/magnesium) • Partial melting explains how the mantle, oceanic crust, and continental crust all have different compositions and properties. ...
... • Each stage of partial melting produces rocks enriched in oxygen/silicon (and depleted in iron/magnesium) • Partial melting explains how the mantle, oceanic crust, and continental crust all have different compositions and properties. ...
C 2 = C 1 + h
... Pro- and retrograde metamorphic reactions play important roles for the dynamics in orogenic belts in that they give • Changes in petrophysical properties (density structure and hence evolution of topography) • Reaction enhanced deformation (increased strain (strain-rate) in zones of reaction) • Mate ...
... Pro- and retrograde metamorphic reactions play important roles for the dynamics in orogenic belts in that they give • Changes in petrophysical properties (density structure and hence evolution of topography) • Reaction enhanced deformation (increased strain (strain-rate) in zones of reaction) • Mate ...
Plate Tectonics Shape (and Shake) British Columbia
... California. The world’s largest earthquakes occur in subduction zones, like the March 2011 magnitude 9.0 earthquake in Japan. The line of volcanoes along the Pacific coast, including Mount Meager and Mount Garibaldi in Canada and the Cascade Mountains in the U.S. (e.g. Mount Baker and Mount St. Hele ...
... California. The world’s largest earthquakes occur in subduction zones, like the March 2011 magnitude 9.0 earthquake in Japan. The line of volcanoes along the Pacific coast, including Mount Meager and Mount Garibaldi in Canada and the Cascade Mountains in the U.S. (e.g. Mount Baker and Mount St. Hele ...
Plate Boundaries - WWWeb Course Listings
... The earliest oceanographers were explorers who traveled in sailing vessels. Because of the dire consequences of running the wooden hull of a ship into a rock, methods of ascertaining and recording the depth of the sea floor were of great value. The standard method of measuring depth was the lead lin ...
... The earliest oceanographers were explorers who traveled in sailing vessels. Because of the dire consequences of running the wooden hull of a ship into a rock, methods of ascertaining and recording the depth of the sea floor were of great value. The standard method of measuring depth was the lead lin ...
Unraveling the Tapestry of Ocean Crust
... mantle rocks, Nicolas and Boudier found small formations of gabbro, called sills. Chemical analyses of these sills indicated that they crystallized from the same melt that formed gabbro, sheeted dikes, and lava flows in the crust. In addition, the gabbro, dikes, and lava flows all had an identical, ...
... mantle rocks, Nicolas and Boudier found small formations of gabbro, called sills. Chemical analyses of these sills indicated that they crystallized from the same melt that formed gabbro, sheeted dikes, and lava flows in the crust. In addition, the gabbro, dikes, and lava flows all had an identical, ...
Seafloor massive sulfide - International Seabed Authority
... Molten MAGMA forms when plates spread apart and pressure drops in hot (1200ºC) mantle. It then rises and solidifies to form new basaltic crust. ...
... Molten MAGMA forms when plates spread apart and pressure drops in hot (1200ºC) mantle. It then rises and solidifies to form new basaltic crust. ...
Practice Exam #5 - El Camino College
... At this location, the plates are (B) ______________________________________ which causes: ● lava from below to rise up into the gap between the plates. The lava cools when it comes into contact with the ocean water, and hardens into solid rock. ● One Plate / Both Plates to dive down into the Earth w ...
... At this location, the plates are (B) ______________________________________ which causes: ● lava from below to rise up into the gap between the plates. The lava cools when it comes into contact with the ocean water, and hardens into solid rock. ● One Plate / Both Plates to dive down into the Earth w ...
List of review questions and info about the final
... How are mantle convection and plate tectonics different from convection in a bottom-heated pot of water on the stove (at least three major reasons)? What are the ...
... How are mantle convection and plate tectonics different from convection in a bottom-heated pot of water on the stove (at least three major reasons)? What are the ...
Plate Tectonics
... – A) Older and cooler plates will have a shallow angle of descent – B) Older and warmer plates will have a steeper angle of descent – C) Younger and warmer plates will have a shallow angle of descent – D) Younger and colder plates will have a steeper angle of descent ...
... – A) Older and cooler plates will have a shallow angle of descent – B) Older and warmer plates will have a steeper angle of descent – C) Younger and warmer plates will have a shallow angle of descent – D) Younger and colder plates will have a steeper angle of descent ...
The Crustal Architecture and Continental Break Up of East India
... acquired by GX Technology along with gravity and magnetic data, and 2D seismic data from Reliance Industries Ltd. Six major tectonic segments composing the East Indian margin played a pivotal role in the continental break up and passive margin development. The proto-oceanic crust corridor located oc ...
... acquired by GX Technology along with gravity and magnetic data, and 2D seismic data from Reliance Industries Ltd. Six major tectonic segments composing the East Indian margin played a pivotal role in the continental break up and passive margin development. The proto-oceanic crust corridor located oc ...
Plate Boundaries
... Tube worms The red plume absorbs sulfurous water that a sac of bacteria inside the worm uses to ...
... Tube worms The red plume absorbs sulfurous water that a sac of bacteria inside the worm uses to ...
Australasian Regional IODP Workshop in 2017 for building new
... Geomicrobiological questions can be addressed on a number of expeditions, including perhaps carefully targeted, dominantly microbiological, expeditions to areas of unusual past conditions. Petrological/geochemical studies of ocean, backarc and arc crust, and of uplifted mantle remain a high priority ...
... Geomicrobiological questions can be addressed on a number of expeditions, including perhaps carefully targeted, dominantly microbiological, expeditions to areas of unusual past conditions. Petrological/geochemical studies of ocean, backarc and arc crust, and of uplifted mantle remain a high priority ...
What is the Lithosphere
... thinning effects of strong curvature, are in excellent agreement with the depth extent of intraplate earthquakes and both appear to coincide with the predicted depth to the 600 to 800°C isotherm (Figure 4 and Figure5), which is approximately the temperature in olivine that creep should become an im ...
... thinning effects of strong curvature, are in excellent agreement with the depth extent of intraplate earthquakes and both appear to coincide with the predicted depth to the 600 to 800°C isotherm (Figure 4 and Figure5), which is approximately the temperature in olivine that creep should become an im ...
Modes of seafloor generation at a melt-poor ultraslow
... be used to model variations in crustal thickness (Kuo and Forsyth, 1989), if lateral density variations within these two horizons are small. There may, however, be significant lateral density variations within the crust, particularly where mantle-derived rocks are exposed in the seafloor. We thus ba ...
... be used to model variations in crustal thickness (Kuo and Forsyth, 1989), if lateral density variations within these two horizons are small. There may, however, be significant lateral density variations within the crust, particularly where mantle-derived rocks are exposed in the seafloor. We thus ba ...
Press Release Monday, December 21, 2009 Man
... they can leak into the deep sound channel, bend there, and travel over thousands of kilometers in the ocean (see Figure). “With time, as anthropogenic CO2 penetrates into the deep ocean, the changes in sound absorption will also propagate well below the deep sound channel axis”, says Ilyina. “Sound ...
... they can leak into the deep sound channel, bend there, and travel over thousands of kilometers in the ocean (see Figure). “With time, as anthropogenic CO2 penetrates into the deep ocean, the changes in sound absorption will also propagate well below the deep sound channel axis”, says Ilyina. “Sound ...
Plate INteractions - Fellows
... These boundaries are some of the most active on Earth. Volcanoes at these boundaries produce basalts low in silica. This means the lava has a low viscosity and releases gasses easy. Eruptions are therefore less explosive. ...
... These boundaries are some of the most active on Earth. Volcanoes at these boundaries produce basalts low in silica. This means the lava has a low viscosity and releases gasses easy. Eruptions are therefore less explosive. ...
Plate Tectonics
... 1. Passive Margins: prior to orogenesis, the continental boundary is a PASSIVE margin. Sedimentation at passive margins reflects the progressive increase in water depth. Nearshore deposits are coarser - sand grading to silt and clay; further out on the continental shelf in clean shallow water, carbo ...
... 1. Passive Margins: prior to orogenesis, the continental boundary is a PASSIVE margin. Sedimentation at passive margins reflects the progressive increase in water depth. Nearshore deposits are coarser - sand grading to silt and clay; further out on the continental shelf in clean shallow water, carbo ...
effects of ridge subduction on upper plate deformations: the juan
... experiments closed to that used in Funiciello et al. (2003) and Martinod et al. (2005), to simulate the subduction of an oceanic lithosphere including an oceanic ridge, perpendicular to the trench, below a continental plate. Lithospheric plates are modelled using silicone putty initially floating ab ...
... experiments closed to that used in Funiciello et al. (2003) and Martinod et al. (2005), to simulate the subduction of an oceanic lithosphere including an oceanic ridge, perpendicular to the trench, below a continental plate. Lithospheric plates are modelled using silicone putty initially floating ab ...
Tectonic controls on the distribution of large
... subduction (Figure 1). These tectonic processes involved three oceanic plates (the Philippine Sea (PSP) and Caroline (CP) Plate in the east, and the oceanic part of the Indian-Australian Plate (IP) in the west) and, the margins of the continental Eurasian Plate and continental part of the Indian-Aus ...
... subduction (Figure 1). These tectonic processes involved three oceanic plates (the Philippine Sea (PSP) and Caroline (CP) Plate in the east, and the oceanic part of the Indian-Australian Plate (IP) in the west) and, the margins of the continental Eurasian Plate and continental part of the Indian-Aus ...
Activity #8 Worksheet as a pdf
... How did Harry Hess contribute to our understanding the seafloor beneath the oceans and how did he acquire the data, which allowed him to formulate his ideas into a testable hypothesis? ...
... How did Harry Hess contribute to our understanding the seafloor beneath the oceans and how did he acquire the data, which allowed him to formulate his ideas into a testable hypothesis? ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.