Introduction to Carbohydrates
... The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, which secretes gastric juice—a unique solution containing hydrochloric acid and the proenzyme, pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid: Stomach acid is too dilute (pH 2–3) to hydrolyze proteins. The acid functions instead to kill some bacteria and to denatu ...
... The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, which secretes gastric juice—a unique solution containing hydrochloric acid and the proenzyme, pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid: Stomach acid is too dilute (pH 2–3) to hydrolyze proteins. The acid functions instead to kill some bacteria and to denatu ...
Future perspectives in catalysis - NRSC
... energy economy have driven a growing demand for gas and coal, presenting new challenges for catalytic technology in areas such as liquefaction. In addition, catalysis is also increasingly applied in smaller systems and devices, such as fuel cells and batteries. There are also tremendous new developm ...
... energy economy have driven a growing demand for gas and coal, presenting new challenges for catalytic technology in areas such as liquefaction. In addition, catalysis is also increasingly applied in smaller systems and devices, such as fuel cells and batteries. There are also tremendous new developm ...
1. First , calculate the amount of pyruvic acid ( µg )
... Very high levels of ALT (more than 10 times the highest normal level) are usually due to acute hepatitis, often due to a virus infection. In acute hepatitis, ALT levels usually stay high for about 1–2 months, but can take as long as 3–6 months to come back to normal. ALT levels are usually not as h ...
... Very high levels of ALT (more than 10 times the highest normal level) are usually due to acute hepatitis, often due to a virus infection. In acute hepatitis, ALT levels usually stay high for about 1–2 months, but can take as long as 3–6 months to come back to normal. ALT levels are usually not as h ...
Increased Functional Half-life of Fibroblast Growth Factor
... variations, three positions are absolutely conserved in the entire human FGF family members including Gly71, Cys83 and Phe132 (based on the 140 amino acid numbering scheme of FGF-1). Cys83 has brought more attention because highly conserved cysteine residues in proteins are often involved in functio ...
... variations, three positions are absolutely conserved in the entire human FGF family members including Gly71, Cys83 and Phe132 (based on the 140 amino acid numbering scheme of FGF-1). Cys83 has brought more attention because highly conserved cysteine residues in proteins are often involved in functio ...
A 5000-Fold Increase in the Specificity of a Bacterial
... Figure 2. Brønsted plot of leaving group pKa values vs log(kcat/KM) for a range of substates. The pKa values of the leaving groups 2,6difluoro-4-nitrophenol; quinoxalin-2-ol; 2-fluoro-4-nitrophenol; 2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol; 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol; 4-nitrophenol; 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 2,2 ...
... Figure 2. Brønsted plot of leaving group pKa values vs log(kcat/KM) for a range of substates. The pKa values of the leaving groups 2,6difluoro-4-nitrophenol; quinoxalin-2-ol; 2-fluoro-4-nitrophenol; 2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol; 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol; 4-nitrophenol; 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; 2,2 ...
H 3 O +
... Understanding the chemical character of the amide is important since the peptide bond is an amide bond. These characteristics are true for the amide containing amino acids as well (Asn, Gln) Amides will not ionize: ...
... Understanding the chemical character of the amide is important since the peptide bond is an amide bond. These characteristics are true for the amide containing amino acids as well (Asn, Gln) Amides will not ionize: ...
Enzymes - University of Lethbridge
... 2) How do you detect metabolites in the cell? Metabolites are more diverse than proteins/nucleic acids and often present in low concentration. 3) Have all reactions been identified? How do we show a pathway is complete? Biochemistry 3300 ...
... 2) How do you detect metabolites in the cell? Metabolites are more diverse than proteins/nucleic acids and often present in low concentration. 3) Have all reactions been identified? How do we show a pathway is complete? Biochemistry 3300 ...
Chapter 25 Chapter Topics Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... • The seven proteins (ACP, AT, MT, KS, KR, DH, ER) are all separable proteins that can be isolated individually. There may be more than one of them (at least two forms of KS, for example) with different chain specificities. ...
... • The seven proteins (ACP, AT, MT, KS, KR, DH, ER) are all separable proteins that can be isolated individually. There may be more than one of them (at least two forms of KS, for example) with different chain specificities. ...
Enzymes - Warner Pacific College
... because infinite amounts of substrate would wash out the inhibitor. b. By lowering the Vmax without affecting Km, because the enzyme still binds well to its natural substrate. c. By lowering the Vmax without affecting Km, because in the presence of the inhibitor, there is essentially less enzyme, an ...
... because infinite amounts of substrate would wash out the inhibitor. b. By lowering the Vmax without affecting Km, because the enzyme still binds well to its natural substrate. c. By lowering the Vmax without affecting Km, because in the presence of the inhibitor, there is essentially less enzyme, an ...
Nanosecond Time-Dependent Stokes Shift at the Tunnel
... enzymes to various substrates. We decided to monitor the dynamics of this particular region by means of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamic simulations. To label the enzyme specifically, we adapted a novel procedure that utilizes a coumarin dye containing a halide-hydrocarb ...
... enzymes to various substrates. We decided to monitor the dynamics of this particular region by means of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamic simulations. To label the enzyme specifically, we adapted a novel procedure that utilizes a coumarin dye containing a halide-hydrocarb ...
15Nitrogen metabolism
... aminotransferase: Each aminotransferase is specific for one or few a.a , they can be named by a.a donor. Because almost the acceptor is α-ketoglutarate. *Equilibrium of transamination reactions - Most of transamination reactions have equilibrium constant near to 1, allowing the reaction to proceed i ...
... aminotransferase: Each aminotransferase is specific for one or few a.a , they can be named by a.a donor. Because almost the acceptor is α-ketoglutarate. *Equilibrium of transamination reactions - Most of transamination reactions have equilibrium constant near to 1, allowing the reaction to proceed i ...
100 Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nucleophilic Acyl
... The mechanism of nucleophilic acyl substitution involves two critical steps that can influence the rate of the overall reaction: 1) the initial addition to the carbonyl groups, and 2) the elimination of the leaving group. The nature of the acyl group: The rate of addition to the carbonyl carbon is s ...
... The mechanism of nucleophilic acyl substitution involves two critical steps that can influence the rate of the overall reaction: 1) the initial addition to the carbonyl groups, and 2) the elimination of the leaving group. The nature of the acyl group: The rate of addition to the carbonyl carbon is s ...
401 Prosiding Forum Inovasi Teknologi Akuakultur 2015 DIGESTIVE
... Generally, the three digestive enzymes of protease, á-amylase and lipase increased with the increas of the age and development of the digestive organs of the larvae. Kawai & Ikeda (1973) reported that increase of enzyme activity was influenced by two factors: (1) fully developed enzyme producing org ...
... Generally, the three digestive enzymes of protease, á-amylase and lipase increased with the increas of the age and development of the digestive organs of the larvae. Kawai & Ikeda (1973) reported that increase of enzyme activity was influenced by two factors: (1) fully developed enzyme producing org ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Related Enzymes in Cell
... Enzyme8 of the tricarboxylic acid cycle Since very few of the substrates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were oxidized either by the intact cells or the cell-free extracts, attempts were directed towards demonstrating the individual enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and of the electron-transpo ...
... Enzyme8 of the tricarboxylic acid cycle Since very few of the substrates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were oxidized either by the intact cells or the cell-free extracts, attempts were directed towards demonstrating the individual enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and of the electron-transpo ...
Structure, mechanism and function of prenyltransferases
... sequences of these enzymes show amino-acid sequence homology and two common DDxxD motifs [47], suggesting that they evolved from the same origin (Fig. 2) [48,49]. These Asp-rich motifs were recognized from the 3D structure [50] and site-directed mutagenesis studies [51–56] to be involved in substrat ...
... sequences of these enzymes show amino-acid sequence homology and two common DDxxD motifs [47], suggesting that they evolved from the same origin (Fig. 2) [48,49]. These Asp-rich motifs were recognized from the 3D structure [50] and site-directed mutagenesis studies [51–56] to be involved in substrat ...
Catalytic triad
A catalytic triad refers to the three amino acid residues that function together at the centre of the active site of some hydrolase and transferase enzymes (e.g. proteases, amidases, esterases, acylases, lipases and β-lactamases). An Acid-Base-Nucleophile triad is a common motif for generating a nucleophilic residue for covalent catalysis. The residues form a charge-relay network to polarise and activate the nucleophile, which attacks the substrate, forming a covalent intermediate which is then hydrolysed to regenerate free enzyme. The nucleophile is most commonly a serine or cysteine amino acid, but occasionally threonine. Because enzymes fold into complex three-dimensional structures, the residues of a catalytic triad can be far from each other along the amino-acid sequence (primary structure), however, they are brought close together in the final fold.As well as divergent evolution of function (and even the triad's nucleophile), catalytic triads show some of the best examples of convergent evolution. Chemical constraints on catalysis have led to the same catalytic solution independently evolving in at least 23 separate superfamilies. Their mechanism of action is consequently one of the best studied in biochemistry.