Simultaneous Measurements of Hard X Rays and Second
... perturbation theory to be valid can be violated, especially early during the laser pulse, before a sizable plasma has developed. Following these considerations, another mechanism must be considered in the analysis presented so far, which can strongly influence the evolution of plasma waves and, cons ...
... perturbation theory to be valid can be violated, especially early during the laser pulse, before a sizable plasma has developed. Following these considerations, another mechanism must be considered in the analysis presented so far, which can strongly influence the evolution of plasma waves and, cons ...
A three dimensional semiconductor device simulator for GaAs
... and base currents per unit emitter area as a function of base-to-emitter voltage (Gummel plot) for the two cases are shown in Fig. 10. A higher collector current is predicted from the three-dimensional analysis for the same bias conditions. In this case, the fringing field and current are accurately ...
... and base currents per unit emitter area as a function of base-to-emitter voltage (Gummel plot) for the two cases are shown in Fig. 10. A higher collector current is predicted from the three-dimensional analysis for the same bias conditions. In this case, the fringing field and current are accurately ...
The Photoelectric Effect
... The Photoelectric Effect Mystery Another dilemma was how to properly explain the photoelectric effect. Around the same time, physicists knew that if one were to shine an ultraviolet light onto a charged metal plate in a vacuum, the metal plate would lose its charge, or discharge. The brighter the UV ...
... The Photoelectric Effect Mystery Another dilemma was how to properly explain the photoelectric effect. Around the same time, physicists knew that if one were to shine an ultraviolet light onto a charged metal plate in a vacuum, the metal plate would lose its charge, or discharge. The brighter the UV ...
Determination of energy barrier profiles for high-k
... silicon energy barrier profiles for Au/ HfO2 / Si and Au/ Al2O3 / Si structures. The results indicate that the applied voltage plays a large role in determining the effective barrier height and we attribute much of the variation in this case to image potential barrier lowering in measurements of sin ...
... silicon energy barrier profiles for Au/ HfO2 / Si and Au/ Al2O3 / Si structures. The results indicate that the applied voltage plays a large role in determining the effective barrier height and we attribute much of the variation in this case to image potential barrier lowering in measurements of sin ...
Photomultiplier
Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short), members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically vacuum phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. These detectors multiply the current produced by incident light by as much as 100 million times (i.e., 160 dB), in multiple dynode stages, enabling (for example) individual photons to be detected when the incident flux of light is very low. Unlike most vacuum tubes, they are not obsolete.The combination of high gain, low noise, high frequency response or, equivalently, ultra-fast response, and large area of collection has maintained photomultipliers an essential place in nuclear and particle physics, astronomy, medical diagnostics including blood tests, medical imaging, motion picture film scanning (telecine), radar jamming, and high-end image scanners known as drum scanners. Elements of photomultiplier technology, when integrated differently, are the basis of night vision devices.Semiconductor devices, particularly avalanche photodiodes, are alternatives to photomultipliers; however, photomultipliers are uniquely well-suited for applications requiring low-noise, high-sensitivity detection of light that is imperfectly collimated.