Matter Models (continued…) Examples If particles behave like
... “Electrons or photons arrive in lumps, like particles, but the probability of arrival of these lumps is determined as the intensity of waves would be. It is in this sense that the electron behaves sometimes like a particle and sometimes like a wave.” ...
... “Electrons or photons arrive in lumps, like particles, but the probability of arrival of these lumps is determined as the intensity of waves would be. It is in this sense that the electron behaves sometimes like a particle and sometimes like a wave.” ...
Valence electrons
... by increasing the temperature or by focusing light on the material etc. ) This is the reason why the conductivity of the material increases with increase in temperature. But much larger amount of energy must be applied in order to extract an electron from the valence band because electrons in valenc ...
... by increasing the temperature or by focusing light on the material etc. ) This is the reason why the conductivity of the material increases with increase in temperature. But much larger amount of energy must be applied in order to extract an electron from the valence band because electrons in valenc ...
Design and implementation of a fs-resolved transmission electron
... about 40 W. It delivers 5 W of average power at 800 nm wavelength, 80 fs pulse duration, and repetition rates between 200 kHz and 2 MHz. The beam is split into two paths: one is frequency tripled to generate the UV probe beam, while the other is used to pump the specimen. The laser pulses are sent t ...
... about 40 W. It delivers 5 W of average power at 800 nm wavelength, 80 fs pulse duration, and repetition rates between 200 kHz and 2 MHz. The beam is split into two paths: one is frequency tripled to generate the UV probe beam, while the other is used to pump the specimen. The laser pulses are sent t ...
Modeling of microdischarge devices: Pyramidal
... transfer is being ignored, this approach provides the maximum dynamic range in gas temperature and so can be considered a worst-case-analysis for the consequences of gas heating on device performance. As we are only concerned with steady state operating characteristics, Eq. 共10兲 was implicitly integ ...
... transfer is being ignored, this approach provides the maximum dynamic range in gas temperature and so can be considered a worst-case-analysis for the consequences of gas heating on device performance. As we are only concerned with steady state operating characteristics, Eq. 共10兲 was implicitly integ ...
EELS
... (STEM) or Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) Roughly, the former operate at voltages > 60 keV and are costly and complicated, the later operate at < 30 keV and are ...
... (STEM) or Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) Roughly, the former operate at voltages > 60 keV and are costly and complicated, the later operate at < 30 keV and are ...
Photomultiplier
Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short), members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically vacuum phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. These detectors multiply the current produced by incident light by as much as 100 million times (i.e., 160 dB), in multiple dynode stages, enabling (for example) individual photons to be detected when the incident flux of light is very low. Unlike most vacuum tubes, they are not obsolete.The combination of high gain, low noise, high frequency response or, equivalently, ultra-fast response, and large area of collection has maintained photomultipliers an essential place in nuclear and particle physics, astronomy, medical diagnostics including blood tests, medical imaging, motion picture film scanning (telecine), radar jamming, and high-end image scanners known as drum scanners. Elements of photomultiplier technology, when integrated differently, are the basis of night vision devices.Semiconductor devices, particularly avalanche photodiodes, are alternatives to photomultipliers; however, photomultipliers are uniquely well-suited for applications requiring low-noise, high-sensitivity detection of light that is imperfectly collimated.